Online Nursing Schools Learn How to Offer Hope through Hospice Palliative Care Nursing 2019

When considering hospice palliative care, many professionals immediately think of caring for patients who are close to death and typically suffering from cancer. Graduates of campus and online nursing schools may also imagine a hospice patient as someone who has lost all hope after being told his or her illness is terminal. But according to practicing hospice palliative care nurses, these images are mere myths and fail to encompass the entire function of hospice palliative care nursing. What is Hospice Palliative Care? Graduates of campus and online nursing schools who choose to specialize in hospice palliative care focus on making patients comfortable and as free of pain as possible. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms rather than to cure a terminal disease. In addition to providing pain medications, a hospice palliative care nurse with a campus or online nursing degree may administer a blood transfusion to lesson the patients suffering from dyspnea (difficulty breathing) or may even give antibiotics when pneumonia is causing uncomfortable fever and chills. .ud0fe08af444503a9b0e022612400cc01 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ud0fe08af444503a9b0e022612400cc01:active, .ud0fe08af444503a9b0e022612400cc01:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ud0fe08af444503a9b0e022612400cc01 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ud0fe08af444503a9b0e022612400cc01 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ud0fe08af444503a9b0e022612400cc01 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ud0fe08af444503a9b0e022612400cc01:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ The Perks of Joining the World of International Business DegreesContrary to common perceptions, hospice palliative care is for a wider range of individuals than simply terminally ill cancer patients. Alberta RN, an official publication of a group of registered nurses, maintains that hospice palliative care is for any patient at risk of, diagnosed with, or experiencing a life-threatening illness no matter what their prognosis or age. A patient may also voluntarily exit hospice palliative care and return to aggressive medical care at any point in time. Qualities Necessary for Success as a Hospice Palliative Care Nurse Hospice palliative care nurses may assist their patients through the stages of grief and encourage a new focus for hope that is based on feeling good on a day-to-day basis and becoming comfortable with the idea of death. According to the Department of Labor, nurses need to be caring, sympathetic, responsible, and detail-oriented. Registered nurses also need to be emotionally stable in order to deal with job stresses, such as crises, emergencies, and human suffering. Internship and on-the-job training while completing an online program RN to BSN curriculum is necessary to gain the practical work experience required to practice as a hospice palliative care nurse. .u9df6cec7c9a2cece8a6211d9ce81146b { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9df6cec7c9a2cece8a6211d9ce81146b:active, .u9df6cec7c9a2cece8a6211d9ce81146b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u9df6cec7c9a2cece8a6211d9ce81146b { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9df6cec7c9a2cece8a6211d9ce81146b .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9df6cec7c9a2cece8a6211d9ce81146b .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9df6cec7c9a2cece8a6211d9ce81146b:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ New Jersey Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in New JerseyRequired Education to Practice as a Hospice Palliative Care Nurse Registered nurses may legally practice in the U.S. with a hospital diploma, associate degree, or an RN to BSN degree (bachelor of science in nursing) . However, employers more often prefer to hire nurses who have attended a campus or online nursing program that leads to a bachelor of science in nursing. Particularly for specialized nursing fields, such as hospice palliative care, attending campus or online nursing schools for an RN to BSN degree teaches communication, leadership, and critical thinking skills that are necessary in todays health care environment. Many schools are now offering RN to BSN online programs that have been designed specifically for working registered nurses. Online nursing schools, such as the University of Phoenix, provide academic training in the following areas: Physical Sciences Life Sciences Social Sciences Humanities Other online nursing schools, such as South University, possess degree online RN programs that allow students to specialize in specific areas of nursing, including online nursing degree programs. .u40b1485a77e12ece5dce7c108974cf2c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u40b1485a77e12ece5dce7c108974cf2c:active, .u40b1485a77e12ece5dce7c108974cf2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u40b1485a77e12ece5dce7c108974cf2c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u40b1485a77e12ece5dce7c108974cf2c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u40b1485a77e12ece5dce7c108974cf2c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u40b1485a77e12ece5dce7c108974cf2c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Find Vocational and Trade Online Degree ProgramsThose interested in learning more about online nursing degree options are encouraged to visit College-Pages.com, the education and career resource website. Related ArticlesAccelerated BSN Degree Specialize in Oncology Nursing with a Bachelor of ScienceOnline Nursing Class Programs Employment in Long-Term Care Expected to GrowBachelor Degree in Nursing Online Nephrology Nurses Attend to the Complex Needs of Patients with Kidney DiseaseLPN to BSN Program Graduates Eligible to Practice as Gastroenterology NursesOnline RN to BSN Degree Become Qualified to Work as an Operating Room NurseBachelor Degree Nursing Online Program Forensic Corrections Nurses Provide Needed Treatment to Inmates

How Technology Has Made It Easier For Students - 1269 Words

Education in a Technological World Technology is evolving and is becoming a central need in everyone’s life. It is even being integrated into the education system, changing the way one learns and teaches. An increased reliance on technology as a means to enhance knowledge has decreased the ability to acquire thorough knowledge and develop the power to reason or judge. This is evident in the way technology has made it easier for students to cheat, in how the internet provides wrong learning opportunities and in the way students respond to learning while being engaged with technology. Consider the idea that technology has made it easier for students to cheat due to technological advancements. In Rachel Ellaway’s article eMedical Teacher, enumeration is used to list the effects of digital cheating. For instance, â€Å"three aspects of digital media use that challenge absolutist models of moral rectitude; creative learners, cyborg learners and collaborating learners† (Ellaway 1). Her three arguments are based on three negative types of learners that were born after digital technology became involved in education, which has directly affected a student’s ability to judge ethical consequences of plagiarism. For example, in her first paragraph, she describes creative learners as people that cheat by plagiarizing. Hence, the effect of enumerating gives a logical outlining of arguments that support the main idea. In addition, Ellaway uses appeal to authority to show that the increase inShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is Brain Washing Our Kids !960 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesTechnology is Brain Washing Our Kids! Imagine being a kid in the 1980’s. Kids back in those days would run around outside all day, using their imagination to create imaginary worlds to travel to imaginary places that made way for creative ideas and inventions as they grew older. One of those inventions turned out to be the tablet, the iPhone, or the netbook. Basically anything that made everything easier. 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Test Of Market Efficiency In Europe Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1861 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction The reigning theory in the financial markets, often referred as efficient markets, is deeply embedded in the way that markets operate (Authers, 2009). Last years turmoil in the financial markets, which started with the problems in the U.S. housing market and was followed by the global credit crisis, has flared up the discussion between the critics about the legitimacy of this theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Test Of Market Efficiency In Europe Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order In times of panics and bubbles investors dont behave rational, which is one of the cornerstones of the theory. The theory is central to business schools curriculum and is part of the Chartered Financial Analyst qualification that acts as a gateway to the investment profession. If the theory needs to be abandoned, the effect on investing will be profound (Authers, 2009). An efficient market is defined as a market where there are large numbers of rational, profit-maximizers actively competing, with each trying to predict future market values of individual securities, and where important current information is almost freely available to all participants (Fama, 1965). Fama (1965) states that the instantaneous adjustment property of an efficient market implies that successive price changes in individual securities will be independent. A market where successive price changes in individual securities are independent is, by definition, a random walk market. This implies that a series of stoc k price changes has no memory the past history of the series cannot be used to predict the future in any meaningful way. To every piece of new information to markets will react in a random walk and are therefore not possible to beat. Investors are according to the Efficient Market Hypotheses (EMH) not able to earn above normal returns. Forms of Market Efficiency There are three forms of Market Efficiency: Weak, Semi-Strong, and Strong that explain how quickly the Market will react to new publicly announced information. According to Bodie (2005) the weak form of theory asserts that stock prices already reflect all information that can be derived by examining market trading data such as the history of past prices or trading volume. The weak form theory states that it is impossible for an investor to achieve a positive abnormal return by using these past information. Bodie (2005) states in his book that the Semi-Strong form hypothesis states that all publicly available information regarding the prospects of a firm must be reflected already in the stock price, e.g. past prices, balance sheet composition, accounting practices. This form also makes it impossible to outperform the market. This theory has been tested (Fama, Fisher, Jensen and Roll. 1969) numerous times by examining adjustments of the market to publicly available information, such as announcements. The third form, the strongest one, states that stock prices reflect all information relevant to the firm, even including information available only to company insiders (Bodie, 2005). Mergers Acquisitions Mergers acquisitions (MA) have been the subject of considerable research in financial economics (Morellec, 2005). MA involves the buying, selling, and combining of companies. The acquiring and target companies feel that by joining they can somehow create synergy: the value of the combined firm is greater than the two firms operating separately (Cording, 2002). When MAs are successful and they are announced to the public, it is generally a good thing for shareholders. By joining efforts the company should be able to lower the costs of the company while maintaining revenue, therefore yielding more profit (Ross, 2008). It is widely believed that the introduction of the Euro, the globalization process, technological innovation, deregulation and privatization, as well as the financial markets boom and the surge in liquidity, have all spurred Europe companies to take part in MAs during the last decade (Campa, 2008). All these transactions are under strict regulation in Europe, requiring several approvals to be met, such as the European Commission. The major concerns of these industry regulators is to avoid the creation of monopolies. The combination of the two Gersdorff and Bacon (2009) tested in their paper the market efficiency of Mergers Acquisitions announcements in the U.S. They analyzed the effect of twenty recent mergers and acquisitions announcements on stock prices in the year 2007. The authors found evidence of lingering excess returns after the merger announcement. Although, also evidence supports the semi-strong market efficiency along with a positive signal exhibited by the sample of acquiring firms during the even period (day -30 to day +30). In the study of Liang (2009), whether abnormal returns exist surrounding the announcement day, results show that there is no significant announcement effect over the event period (day -10 to day +10) for U.S. companies, but a significant effect for Chinese companies during the event period. These studies show mixed results according to the efficient markets hypotheses. This hypothesis states that investors should not be able to earn above normal returns in the Market, because all the information should be reflected in the current stock price. In my event study (day -50 to day +50) this particular hypothesis will be tested. The goal is to see if it is possible for investors to achieve a positive, abnormal return, with the announcement of a company merger or acquisition in the European Market. Problem Statement The problem discussed in the introduction about the legitimacy of the Efficient Market Hypotheses concerns the whole universe of financial markets. Some of the assumptions that are fundamental for the theory, e.g. the rationality, and their corresponding implications for market efficiency, have come under attack recently (Lo, 2005). Is the market that efficient as some economist, investors and scholars think? This event study will test the efficiency of markets in Europe in the event period around the announcement of a typical merger or acquisition (MA). The test will be if it is possible for investors to outperform the market (absolute return), with respect to the Semi-Strong form. Therefore the research question is constituted as follows: Is het possible for an investor to outperform the market with the announcement of a merger or acquisition? The study will include about 100 recently stock MA announcement in Europe, and will use the event study methodology. According to the s tudy of Gersdorff and Bacon (2009) two possible outcomes are possible. If the Markets exhibits the movement similar to the company, then the theory of an Efficient Market would hold true and an investor would not be able to receive an above normal return. But if, the firm exceeds the Market for a certain period of time relative to the announcement date, then the possibility of gaining an above normal return may occur, thus possibly challenging the Efficiency Market Theory. Type of research As discussed before this study will be an event study. An event study is concerned with the impact of a particular firm-specific corporate event on company security prices. Event studies measure stock performance that reflects investor opinions concerning the importance and benefit level of the event (Binder, 1998). The event study will include about 100 MA announcements (the sample) in Europe from 2002 till 2007 of target companies (that means not the buying company but the one that will be acquired). Data will be conducted from Thompson Reuters DataStream and Bloomberg (The two worlds largest financial statistical databases). Hypothesis H0: The return of the stock price of the sample of firms announcing a merger or acquisition is not significantly affected by this type of information around the announcement day, as defined by the event period. H1: The return of the stock price of the sample of firms announcing a merger or acquisition is significantly affected by this type of information around the announcement day, as defined by the event period. Methodology / Model The conceptual model / method of the study of Gersdorff and Bacon (2009) will be used. This is line with the event study methodology described in the literature. Part of the authors conclusion in their study is that if a larger sample is taken the signs of equilibrium in the market would probably be more obvious. Therefore in this study a larger sample of firms, longer time series and a different geographically area is taken. The next steps will be followed: Step 1: All information about the stock price and market price within the duration of -181 days to +50 days is conducted of the 100 firms in the sample (Datastream and Bloomberg). Step 2: The holding period return for the firms and the market will be calculated. Step 3: Regression analyses will be performed comparing the actual daily return of each company to the market daily return covering the pre-event period (day -180 to day -50). Where the firm is the dependent variable and the market (e.g. DJ Stoxx 600) the indep endent variable. This regression analyses is done to calculate the intercept alpha and the beta. This is done for each single firm. Step 4: The former step is done to calculate the normal expected returns for the event period. Now the expected return is E(R) = alpha + beta (Rm). Where Rm is the return of the market (e.g. DJ Stoxx 600). Step 5: The Excess return (the absolute return) can now be calculated: The actual return (in the event period) expected return (step 4). Step 6: Average excess returns are calculated in the event period cumulative average excess returns will be calculated. Step 7: Graphs of the average and cumulative returns in the event period are created (for interpretation). Quantitative tests The question is if it is possible for investors to outperform the market? If a new MA deal is announced (the information is made publicly), it would be expected that the actual return would be different than the expected return. With the cumulative average return related to time (event period) there could be seen if it is possible to outperform the market. In the graph (and data) can the impact be seen of the announcement on the stock price. Results of the study can lead to further review of this particular type of MA deals and the effects of the announcement date on a target company. Planning In the table 1 below, an overview of the planning during the study is given. For each weak the table shows which activity is done. The project, as stated in the table, will be finished in June. Table 1: Timeline References ÂÂ · Authors, J. (2009). Wanted: new model for markets. Investment theory. Financial Times, Tuesday Sep. 29,2009. ÂÂ · Binder, J. (1998). The event study methodology since 1969. Review of quantitative finance and accounting, 11. 111-137. ÂÂ · Bodie, Z. (2005). Investments. 6th edition. (Kane and Marcus). McGraw Hill. ÂÂ · Campa, J. (2008). The European MA industry: trends, patterns and shortcomings. Working Paper IESE. 762. ÂÂ · Cording, M. et al. (2002). A focus on resources in MA success: a literature review and research agenda to resolve two paradoxes. Academy of management ÂÂ · Fama, E. (1965). Random Walks in Stock Market Prices. Financial Analysts Journal Sep/Oct ÂÂ · Gersdorff, N. and Bacon, F. (2009). US mergers and Acquisitions: A test of market efficiency. Journal of Finance and Accounting. ÂÂ · Liang, H. (2009). The information implication of merger and acquisition announcements: evidence from the US and China . ÂÂ · Lo, A. (2005). Reconciling Efficient Markets with behavioral finance: the adaptive markets hypothesis. ÂÂ · Morellec, E. (2005). The dynamics of mergers and acquisitions. Journal of financial economics. 77., 649-672. ÂÂ · Ross, S. (2008). Corporate Finance (Stephen, Randolph, Jeffery) 8th edition. US McGraw-Hill.

Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby - 735 Words

The American dreams and hope for women in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald are overpowered by the dreams of men in the novel. Suppression of the American women in the 1920’s is portrayed in the characters: Daisy, Myrtle, and Jordon. Daisy’s American dream is a simple carefree relationship with Gatsby however her marriage with Tom complicates and oppresses her dreams. Daisy feels overpowered by Tom when she tells Nick, â€Å"The best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool† (17). Daisy is aware of Tom’s affair with Myrtle yet she accepts it and seems to be in denial. Daisy feels a girl in the 1920’s can only live a sincere and prosperous life if she is a fool. Daisy feels if a women is clever and looks too deeply into her quality of life then she cannot be content and at peace with herself. On Daisy’s wedding day she gets drunk and spills out her emotions about her future marriage with Tom, slurring, â€Å" Tell’em all Daisy’s change’ her mine† (76). The imagery from this scene illustrates a nineteen year old women who has doubts about her marriage. Daisy’s dreams about her future are oppressed by Tom since she is pressured into marrying him. Throughout the novel F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays Daisy as a girl who is weak and is easily manipulated. Daisy’s voice in the novel is overpowered because men are always speaking for her. Nick remarks she, †Hardly knew what she was saying† (152) while Tom and Gatsby are fighting over Daisy. Daisy at a critical pointShow MoreRelatedAffairs, Nick, and Gatsby in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1255 Words   |  6 PagesNick is the narrative reader in The Great Gatsby. Gatz was a poor person that changes his name to Gatsby. Tom was a cheater and was unfaithful to Daisy. Daisy was a flirt and rich. Myrtle is a poor women that lived over her and her husband’s garage shop. 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Hope is a Necessity In a world that is so unpredictable, sometimes there is nothing else that a person can do to make a situation better besides hoping for a good outcome. Hope can have a big impact on the way people view the world, and can potentially save lives. Hope is communicated in many ways, including a variety of art forms, such as literature. Some examples of literature that show how powerful having hope can be are the novel Soledad Brother by George Jackson, the short story Salvation by Langston Hughes, the short story Superheroes, Just for Each Other by Peter S. Goodman and the article Man Needs Hope to Live, by Christopher Kaczor. These literary works show that even the smallest bit of hope can help a person make wiser decisions regarding his or her future, but having no hope for the future leads people to make choices that are ethically wrong. Soledad Brother by George Jackson is a piece of literature that shows that hope can sway a person’s decision about the actions that he or she takes. The novel is written in the stream of consciousness writing style. All the letters that Jackson writes show that he has hatred towards the system in which he is living in. Jackson was sentenced to one year to life in jail. Even though Jackson has some repulsive thoughts about the police officers and their ideas, he does nothing to express his opinion about the police officers, such as starting an argument or fight with the police officers, because he has hope that ifShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Civil Rights Activists: Angela Davis1912 Words   |  8 Pagesexperience in Birmingham, Angela decided to become a activist for civil rights and other social issues. When Davis graduated in 1963 from the University of California San Diego she joined the Black Panthers, to advocate Black equality in the world. III. Summary of Evidence One of the many important dates that relate to Angela Davis in 1969 was when Angela was hired by the Philosophy Department of Ucla as an assistant professor, until she was fired illegally by the regents, due to her association with the

Hunger of Memory ( Richard Rodriguez ) free essay sample

Examines autobiographys pessimistic depiction of differences conflicts among individuals, families groups based on race, socioeconomics, language and religion. Richard Rodriguez, in his autobiography Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez, writes about differences between and among individuals and families and other groups in the United States today. These differences are many and are based on race, gender, age, socioeconomics, generational conflicts, and politics. The author is not hopeful about overcoming these differences. He is a man who feels alienated from the world around him, although he is successful in it as a writer. He is a man who often seems to be angry and bitter over his upbringing and his education, and even his success: I am . . . taken by the symbols of leisure and wealth. . . . For me those . . . symbols are reassuring reminders of public success. I tempt vulgarity to be reassured. I am filled with the gaudy delight, the. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger of Memory ( Richard Rodriguez ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Causes of Corruption in Public Sector Case Study @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Prepare a research proposal using appropriate reporting conventions and referencing. In your proposal you are required to select and justify a topic for research relevant to your MSc programme. Your proposal should include a review of current literature and a discussion of your choice of method. Answer: Abstract The article named Causes of Corruption in Public Sector has focused on the facilitators that result in corruption. The issue has become an issue of economic and political significance. Crime has been increasing incessantly and led to the decline of nobility in the public sector. The article reviews the concept and causes of corruption in public sector. Personal observations and data are utilized to explain corruption practices in the public sector because of low risk-high benefits, societal pressure, and a few other factors. Introduction and Background Introduction to the Study The aim of this study is to define and address the causes of corruption that is leading to global impacts. Corruption has a major impact on the political and economic system that affects participation and representation in the society. It should be noted that corruption has been prevalent for decades. Nevertheless, it has been growing aggressively in the global world. The study intends to address the factors that cause corruption in public sector. Corruption affects lives of people at all grounds, as there are people who take undue advantage of their positions. Corruption is an unethical practice that is practiced by officials for their private benefits. There is a need to address the causes of such corruption . Background and Significance of the Study The reason for choosing this as a topic of research is to measure the impact of corruption on public. This paper would help the organizations in assisting with the eradication of such practices. The research is undertaken for having an insight to a wider range of disciplines and potential application of ethical practices. The research could serve prevention of corrupt practices in the public sector if the facilitators or enablers are addressed. There are different casual sequences and contextual factors that contribute to corruption. With the analysis of those factors, ethical practices can be framed, and public can increase their moral faith on public sector organizations. Development of knowledge can help in developing a preventive strategy for anti-corruption . Research Questions/ Hypothesis Every country is ranked on The Transparency International index that determines the level of corruption practiced by a particular country or economy. These rankings are based by several criterions such as embezzlement of public funds, bribery to public servants, the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts and cuts in government procurement. The rank for every country reveals the lack of accountability from civil servants, an increase in practices and negative changes in the public sector . The main research question for this piece of work is identified as- What are the factors that cause corruption in the public sector? With the identification of facilitators or enablers of public sector corruption, reform measures can be offered for reducing the rate of corruption in public sector. There is hope that these factors can help in resolving the high rates of corruptive practices for making the public sector more efficient and effective. There are other subsidiary questions that are answered in the report- What are the different forms of corruption in the public sector? What are the effects of corruption in the public sector? Why is there a need to take preventive measures against corruption in the public sector? These subsidiary questions help in answering the impacts or ill-effects of corruption in public sector. These factors help would in inducing and materializing the urgency of anti-corruptive policies and procedures. Hypothesis 1- There is a positive relationship between corruption and country risk in the market. It is further assumed that there is a direct and positive relationship between corruption and country risk. Public sectors are meant to serve the public. The officials are public servants. Starting with a few corrupt practices, it forms a slippery slope where people fail to understand the difference between ethical and unethical practices. These practices slowly develop into a slowdown of economic, political and social structures. With every increase in corruption, the risk of country increases and vice versa . Aims and Objectives of the Study The main aims and objectives of this study are threefold stated as under- To explore the causes of corruption in the public sector. To address the issues or potential risks due to public sector corruption To offer a base for taking preventive measures for corruptive practices. The paper helps in the synthesizing literature on corruption by assessing political, economic and social conditions. The study also helps in identifying evidence that corruption exists in financial, social and economic sectors. It is important to highlight the causes of corruption in the public sector because public services are vital to the growth of every country. The roles and responsibilities of every public official are critical as they make or ruin administration of the country. This survey represents a lack of accountability from officials that are not harshly penalized helping them in getting away easily. Methodological Approach This study is a literature review with systematic principles and reviews for a more flexible data analysis method. Data is collected from primary sources such as interviewing and questionnaires. The secondary sources are also used such as journals, newspaper articles, and other relevant academic sources. The data in these sources are collected from either internal or external sources. Quantitative data is collected for showing the increase in corruptive practices. Limitations of the Study For this paper, there were limitations of time and space. Since there was limited time, online surveys and reports have to be considered and not take the local people who are victims of corruption. While the report and studies have contributed to the understanding of corruptive practices and its causes, the biggest limitation lies in measuring corruption through perception indexes. The causal effects of corruptive practices are also difficult to identify that has a risk of biases. The report fails to focus on the forces over government officials that sometimes make them do so. The threats by any other person with a criminal background that has to be faced by government officials are ignored. Definition of Terms Corruption- It is a form of unethical or dishonest conduct by a person for acquiring personal benefit. The person is entrusted with his power or position that is taken undue advantage of, for personal gains. It is the use of legitimate powers for illegitimate private benefits (Doig and Theobald 2013). Bureaucracy- An organization made of several divisions or departments administered by a lot of people is bureaucracy. The administrative body with non-elective officials who frame policies are members of the bureaucracy. The officials who compose the administration are known as bureaucrats (Adler 2012). Literature Review According to Jose Ugaz, Chairman of Transparency International, "Countries at the bottom need to adopt radical anti-corruption measures in favor of their people. Countries at the top of the index should make sure they don't export corrupt practices to underdeveloped countries" (Transparency.org, 2016). In literature, there are distinctions made between causes of corruption relating to salaries, working conditions, and chances of corrupt practice occurrence. There are degrees of corruption such as highly corrupt or less corrupt official. Corruption is the misuse of public position or power for an undue advantage for self or others. There are several instances that contribute or form together as corruptive practices. A few examples or forms are fraud, bribery, embezzlement, and extortion, exchanging goods for information or money, perverting the court of justice and trading in influence. These corrupt conducts can occur through unlawful actions of officials in the public sector for attempting inappropriate functions of the government sector. Certain crime groups seek help or support from public sector officials for gaining access to public funds, protection, information and other services that contribute to criminal activities. Such activities have a serious impact on the industries, government, and national security. These organized crimes usually have multiple consequences as there is a risk of links between the public sector and crime groups. It is challenging to identify and investigate the source of corruption as there is mutual consent between the two involved persons. Hence, it is difficult to trace the corrupt individual (Nur-tegin and Czap 2012). There are six theories that are related to causes of corruption. Public Choice Theory The theory was developed by Gordon Tullock and James Buchanan, who explain the basis of making public decisions. The causal chain is related with an individual making a rational decision for a predetermined outcome. The person making the decision is calculative as he decides to act corruptly because he identifies the number of gains to him would identify the disadvantages. There are situations where the potential benefits due to corruption are greater than the potential disadvantages or costs (Dunleavy 2014). Trust plays an important role in the theory as there are fewer chances of getting caught. The argument applies to a particular situation and not for general determining factors. The theory does not account for triggering sources within a particular situation. This theory usually involves the interaction of politicians, voting public, political action committees and bureaucracies (Dreher and Gassebner 2011). Bad apple theory The theory focuses on seeking the cause of faulty moral character within people. These faults are called bad-apples in the theory. The cause of corruption is because of defective moral values such as greed. These characteristic features predispositions a person towards criminal activity and corruptive practices. According to this theory, wrong values are the cause of corruption. The official is after material gain such as money, higher social standing, etc. This theory is usually applicable for police officers as they have to fulfill public expectations. The theory is hardly based on empirical claims. Social control theory may apply for controlling corruption by changing moral beliefs and aspirations (Gottschalk 2011). Organizational culture theories The literature determines the corruption by organizational structure and systems, but not individuals who perform corrupt practices. There are certain features or unethical practices in the organization that forms a corrupt culture with underlying assumptions, norms, and values. The theory determines that there are certain conditions or systems in the organization that leads to corruption. There are dynamics that transcend individuals. The theory believes that an once an organizational culture is corrupt, every person in the organization are under the risk of becoming corrupt (Campbell and Gritz 2013). Clashing moral values theories The literature differentiates between private obligations and public role of corrupt officials. It is caused due to influence of values and norms of society. These values and norms held by the society make the individuals make them corrupt. For instance, gift giving is highly valued and pervasive in the private sector. Morality plays an important role in causing corruption. Values help in determining behavior. There are situations where the values of the family are stronger that help in making a good official; the resources are often used to benefit the family or any other personal interest group. Officials may feel obliged to help their personal interest group due to a clash between morality and ethical responsibility. The macro morality requires the officials to treat people differently whereas micro morality requires the officials to help their close ones wherever possible (Fukuyama 2014). The ethos of public administration theories This theory is closely linked with organizational culture theories except for concern towards culture in society. The political and economic structures are studied in this theory. The theory creates societal pressure through levels of the organization. There is a lack of focus and attention on organizational effectiveness. If certain public sectors are reformed, there is a chance that the administration becomes hollow. The new structure or reform may lack fundamental values. In these situations, the public officials do not aim to serve the greater good of society. The literature focuses on the morality of society being wrong. The situations are usually encountered in emerging democracies (Salminen and Mntysalo 2013). Correlation theories The correlation model considers all possible aspects such as individual, societal and organizational levels. This theory does not study individual cases but considers macro-variables such as poverty, organized crime, the income of public servants, political stability, and democracy. The income of a country is directly linked with political and economic systems. Corruption is associated with the values and norms of individual politicians and civil servants, the lack of commitment to the public integrity of leadership, organizational problems and failures, the relationship between the public sector and business, and the strength of organized crime (Balan and Knack 2012). Research Methodology and Analysis Research Methodology The data was also collected through primary research method of personal interviewing and questionnaire. The questions were asked to the respondents in the same manner. The method of interviewing was chosen because an instant reaction could be observed on their face and there was less chance of hiding information. The data is mainly collected from secondary sources such as newspaper articles, academic journals, and other reliable sources. Major data and findings are collected from the survey conducted by Transparency Internationals global corruption barometer. Sampling For primary data, the sample size was chosen as 50 respondents out of which 26 people were public servants. The number of respondents was sufficient to provide information on common causes of corruption. The secondary data is collected for 114,000 people in 107 countries across the world through Transparency Internationals global corruption barometer (Evans 2013). Ethical Considerations The process of data collection had several ethical considerations such as non-voluntary participation of people. The respondents were not forced to provide information or involve in interviewing process. No names are quoted in the report and confidentiality is maintained through data processing. Discussion and Implications Data Findings According to the primary data analysis, 35% respondents considered poor salaries to be a major cause of corruption. Personal greed, civil society contribution, lack of accountability were other responses contributing to the remaining 65%. According to the reports of Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer 2013, there has been an increase in corruption by 65% where a primary reason has been a bribe. The investigations further state that there has been an increasing in paying bribes to 5% in the year 2013 (Evans 2013). Across the world, the government has made efforts that have been reducing over the years. It was reported that the efforts reduced to 22% from 31% in 2013. 78% of the Egyptians reported that the police were either corrupt or extremely corrupt (Evans 2013). According to the report by HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, UK had an increase in some corrupt police officers (Evans 2013). One person in 20 claims to have paid a bribe in the past year to access public services ranging from health and education to justice in Britain (Darbyshire 2015). The media and politicians were most corrupt reporting up to 69 percent and 66 percent (Owen 2013). Critical Discussion Corruption is a destructive force that has affected countries across the world. Crime is caused by many factors such as lack of accountability, low salaries, political instability, insecure officials, personal ambition or greed, working conditions and civil society contribution. Corruption is a social phenomenon that 's hard to define. The abuse of power for personal gain is corruption. Public sector corruption varies according to geographical locations. Corruption has various forms such as bribery, embezzlement, fraud, transfer of information, intimidation, extortion, nepotism, conflict of interest, abuse of power, money laundering, identity theft and illegal contributions. These are the forms of corruption in the public sector as they are the most common means for getting the work done (Koudelkov and Senichev 2015). The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index has been available since 1995 and has been used extensively as the basis for indicators of the extent and likelihood of corruption in a given location. There are countries that had an unstable political stability due to human rights abuses. These factors lead to a decline in political interference and real wages. These factors gave rise to necessities in taking bribes. The level of social trust in a particular context is an external factor that has not received as much attention but has been observed to have an economic and political impact (Cooper 2012). The non-compliance to formal procedures and inexperienced officials centrally pursued corruption. There is a high incidence of poverty, rising costs of living and economic hardships that force public officials to seek bribes. It becomes difficult for the workers to follow norms and high ideals of integrity. There are times and situations when the higher officials felt insecure and threatened because of job security. These conditions force the officials to plunder a mass of opportunity with a fear of getting thrown out of office. There are personal greed and ambition involved with people. There are unrestrained desires of getting rich or having a dilemma of keeping their families under private benefits (Ijewereme 2015). Future Implications The research or causal factors can help in framing anti-corruptive practices. These factors must be addressed by the government and measures must be taken to resolving issues. The needs and factors that would eliminate corruption in the public sector must be addressed and taken into consideration. The causes of crime can also be used for providing future recommendations that would build a zero tolerance institution (Cooper 2012). Conclusion The article reviews the concept and causes of corruption in public sector. Corruption undermines the growth of a sound economic base which is the hallmark of the substance of the democratic culture. In its various forms corruption results in the malfunctioning of the economic system which in term effects such things as increased National debt, failed development projects and increased the poverty of the people. The aim of this study is to define and address the causes of corruption that is leading to global impacts. Corruption has a major impact on the political and economic system that affects participation and representation in the society. Every country is ranked on The Transparency International index that determines the level of corruption practiced by a particular country or economy. These rankings are based by several criterions such as embezzlement of public funds, bribery to public servants, the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts and cuts in public procurement. References Adler, P., 2012. PERSPECTIVEThe Sociological Ambivalence of Bureaucracy: From Weber via Gouldner to Marx.Organization Science, 23(1), pp.244-266. Balan, D. and Knack, S., 2012. The correlation between human capital and morality and its effect on economic performance: Theory and evidence.Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(3), pp.457-475. Campbell, J. and Gritz, A., 2013. Culture Corrupts! A Qualitative Study of Organizational Culture in Corrupt Organizations.J Bus Ethics, 120(3), pp.291-311. Cooper, J., 2012. Noble cause corruption as a consequence of role conflict in the police organisation.Policing and Society, 22(2), pp.169-184. Darbyshire, N., 2015.The shocking truth about police corruption in Britain. [online] The Spectator. Available at: https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/03/the-shocking-truth-about-police-corruption-in-britain/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Department for International Development, 2015.Why corruption matters: understanding causes, effects and how to address them. [online] Available at: https://Why corruption matters: understanding causes, effects and how to address them [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Doig, A. and Theobald, R., 2013.Corruption and democratisation. London: Frank Cass. Dreher, A. and Gassebner, M., 2011. Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry.Public Choice, 155(3-4), pp.413-432. Dunleavy, P., 2014.Democracy, bureaucracy and public choice. 3rd ed. New York: Harvester. 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Mix Research Approach towards Corruption Experts Perception: Challenges and Limitations.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, pp.39-47. Nur-tegin, K. and Czap, H., 2012. Corruption: Democracy, Autocracy, and Political Stability.Economic Analysis and Policy, 42(1), pp.51-66. Owen, J., 2013.Britain's bribery boom: One in 20 has bribed a public official as. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-bribery-boom-one-in-20-has-bribed-a-public-official-as-corruption-rises-8696181.html [Accessed 24 Jan. 2016]. Palermo, T., 2014. Accountability and Expertise in Public Sector Risk Management: A Case Study.Financial Accountability Management, 30(3), pp.322-341. Ramady, M., 2013.Political, economic and financial country risk. Salminen, A. and Mntysalo, V., 2013. Exploring the Public Service Ethos.Public Integrity, 15(2), pp.167-186. Transparency.org, 2016.Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition. 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