Displaced People

Myanmar is a country located in Central Asia that has experienced massive refugee migration in the last two decades. The displacement of Myanmar nationals, specifically the Rohingya Muslim group, is mainly due to three factors. Firstly, these residents have fled to other countries and even continents in order to avoid further conflict within the state (UNHCR 213). The nature of conflict is based on human rights abuses, while others are centered on religious differences.It should be understood that Myanmar has been mainly run by the military for at least 30 years and any rebellious acts against these forces immediately result in massive killings and other forms of persecution (UNHCR 59). In addition, the principles and beliefs of the Muslim Rohingya group are largely different from that of the military. Thus, to these refugees, migration appears to be the only solution for safety and ultimately, survival. There are reports that describe entire villages burned down by highly aggressive members of the military.Two of the most documented villages in Myanmar that have experienced massive migration are the Kanyi and Karen villages. The closest country to Myanmar is Thailand and thus this neighboring country has seen a great influx of refugees in the last few decades. Thailand has been very supportive to displaced Myanmar nationals as they fully assist in providing shelter to these helpless individuals. Unfortunately, refugees from Myanmar often reach Thailand in a very deplorable state, as they have traveled by foot or by sea for several days or weeks to simply cross the border.To date, there are approximately 200,000 Myanmar refugees who currently reside in camps around Thailand, with most of them having settled there almost 20 years ago. Other Myanmar refugees have moved to Bangladesh for temporary shelter, as there were particular groups in this country that has close linguistic ties with Myanmar. By the 1990’s, approximately 270,000 refugees have been docu mented to move out of the northern state of Rakhine in Myanmar and were directed to two Bangladeshi refugee camps, namely Nayapara and Kutupalong.The current government of Myanmar has earlier expressed their refusal to include the Rohingya group as their citizens and would only recognize this as an ethnic group. Fifteen years later, most of the Rohingya refugees have returned to Myanmar, yet a small portion of this population made up of around 26,000 refugees have continued to refuse to return to their home country. Since Bangladesh is also a developing country, the exile of these Myanmar citizens was not as simple as could be imagined.These refugees had to adapt to their new environment for the next 15 years and eventually, through the help of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, these individuals were transferred to Ontario, Canada. Other Myanmar refugees have also been reported in Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines and the United States. Another reason for displac ement of Rohingya Muslims is political, wherein this indigenous group was poorly treated simply for the reason that they have are considered to have no social status in Myanmar.The military government considers this group at stateless and that they have no capacity to pay for the issuance of Myanmar identification cards, which is the requirement for citizenship in the country. Another cause for displacement of Myanmar nationals is environmental disaster, such as the tsunami that was generated after an earthquake that occurred in the Pacific Ocean in 2004 (UNHCR 11).The strong waves emanating from the earthquake resulted in a tsunami that left Myanmar, India, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries under water for several months. Myanmar residents were thus pushed to move to higher ground and farther from the sea, in order to avoid any additional effects that may come after that strong earthquake. The tsunami of 2004 has resulted in the migration of the Myanmar nationals to nei ghboring countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh and Malaysia.

Lord of the Flies and Psychology

William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, narrates the story of a group of English boys as they struggle to survive on an uncharted, uninhabited island. The boy’s airplane crashes into the island and kills any adults on board — leaving the boys to fend for themselves. Ralph and Piggy meet each other first and, upon Piggy’s counsel, Ralph decides to call a meeting of all the boys by blowing on a conch shell. The boys quickly begin to form a society in which they elect Ralph as their leader. A boy called Jack quietly disagrees and believes that he should lead the group. As times passes, Jack and his choir become hunters for the rest of the boys and they begin to enjoy the ways of a predator. As Jack grows more savage, he becomes unhappy with the way that Ralph leads the boys and decides that he will go to the other side of the island and start his own tribe. Boys slowly begin to leave Ralph to join Jack. The boys become so savage that they kill two boys and they plan to kill Ralph. Just as Jack has cornered Ralph, a naval officer appears and rescues them all. Golding depicts not only the struggle of the boys to survive, but also the psychological reasoning that leads the boys to abandon the civilized nature that they know. Through characterization and setting Golding creates in his novel, an ideal forum for validating psychological principles introduced by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung. Sigmund Freud was a psychologist who pioneered the thought that the mind contains three different levels, the id, the ego, and the superego. The id bases itself on the pleasure principle; it meets basic needs. The id wants a quick satiation of needs and has no consideration for the reality of a situation. The ego bases itself on the reality principle, it understands that other people have needs and desires and that impulsiveness or selfishness can cause harm in the future. The ego meets the needs of the id, while taking the reality of the situation into consideration. The Superego develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on a child by influential adults in their lives. One could compare the superego to the conscience, as it dictates belief of right and wrong. Golding acknowledges these different states of consciousness within his novel by using characters to represent each one. For instance, Jack represents the id. Jack never takes into consideration the best thing for the group or himself in the long run and he holds himself accountable to no set of rules or any code of ethics. â€Å"Bollocks to the rules! We're strong – we hunt! If there's a beast, we'll hunt it down! We'll close in and beat and beat and beat† (91). Jack addresses the issue of a beast believed to inhabit the island by filling his thirst for violence and neglecting to take into consideration that confronting a beast will most likely lead to danger. Jack’s reasoning involves selfish motives; he wants to get rid of the beast, he wants to kill, he does not care that he has potentially placed the others in a dangerous situation, nor does he realize the ludicrousness of the beast, Jack has neglected reality entirely. Piggy represents the ego. He constantly tries to reason with the other boys, when he and Ralph first meet, Piggy understands that the other boys also landed on the island and someone needs to find and help them. â€Å"We got to find the others. We got to do something† (14). Piggy also realizes that the boys will most likely stay on the island for a while before someone rescues them — if someone ever rescues them at all. Piggy understands the boys while staying in touch with reality and he knows that if he does not find the smaller boys and take care of them, they will die. Piggy comprehends the seriousness of their predicament and realizes what it will take to keep everyone in order and alive. Simon represents the superego because he adheres to the principles instilled in him by society and civilization. After Jack has killed a pig for the first time, he and his clan approach while chanting, Piggy whimpers and â€Å"Simon hushed him quickly as though he had spoken too loudly in church† (69). Simon’s conscience keeps Piggy in line even when dealing with savage Jack. Towards the end of the novel, the other boys savagely murder Simon; when the boys kill Simon they also kill their conscience, they kill the rules and implications set upon them in order to keep society civilized and from this point until the boys get rescued their savage nature completely takes over and nothing holds them back any longer. Alfred Adler believed that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority. He also believed that people focus on maintaining control over their lives. Golding shows these ideas in his novel. Piggy, Ralph, and Jack all have issues with inferiority and control, in some way each of them feels inferior and each them strives for control. The other boys consider Piggy substandard to them because physically he is not their equal, Piggy realizes that the other boys perceive him this way and tries to make up for it with his intellect and emphasis on the rules, which leads into Piggy’s control issue he tries to use control to counter act the feeling of being out-classed. Jack always strives for superiority, from the very beginning Jack feels that he should be chief instead of Ralph. Jack crumbles underneath his need to become more superior than Ralph and decides to takes control of his situation and forms his own tribe. Jack tries to control his life by getting his way and convincing other boys to get his way as well. Ralph fears inferiority, leadership thrusts itself upon Ralph but he holds his position in very high regard. As Ralph loses support from his tribe, he loses his superiority and he begins to lose faith in himself and become more nervous. Ralph does not like the loss of control in his tribe or in his life, the signal fire and getting the boys to help him make shelters was so important to him for this reason. Adler studied various types of people and he came to the conclusion that there are the four main types of people: The ruling type that tries to control others, the getting type that tends to go along with others ideas, the avoiding type that tries to isolate themselves to avoid defeat, the socially useful type that values having control over their lives and strive to do good things for the sake of society. Jack represents the ruling type with his demand that the boys do as he says â€Å"‘go on’ the two savages looked at each other, raised their spears together and spoke in time. ‘The chief has spoken’ â€Å"(141). Jack thrives off of ruling and absolute power. Sam and Eric fit into the category of the getting type, they tend to go along with and do what others tell them to do. Whenever Ralph is their chief they listen to him and go along with what he says, and then when Jack captures them and takes them to his tribe they adhere to his code and do what he says. Sam and Eric follow — they do not contribute to creative thought but they willingly take part in its aftermath. Simon represents the avoiding type, he largely keeps to himself, and he goes and finds a secret place where he can sit alone in the quiet with his thoughts. Ralph represents the socially useful type, he likes to have control of the boys but, unlike Jack he wants them to do things for the betterment of the group. Adler’s ideas come to life in Golding’s Lord of the Flies. Psychologist Carl Jung believed that symbol creation was a key in understanding human nature. Symbols express something essentially unknown in the best way possible. The boys in Lord of the Flies create a symbol for their fear, at times the boys feel afraid and they cannot exactly express why. The boys create the symbol of the beast because they cannot touch or see their fear and so they imagine a beast that they could touch and see. Whenever Simon recognizes that the thing to fear lies within the boys he also creates a symbol, the Lord of the flies. Jung also believed that the introvert and the extrovert make up the main components of personality. The introvert, like Simon, tends to keep to themselves, and find more interest in ideas than in people. â€Å"Simon paused. He looked over his shoulder as jack had done at the close ways behind him and glanced quickly around to confirm that he was utterly alone† (56). The extrovert however, is outgoing and socially oriented. Both Jack and Piggy fit the description of extroverts because, they both freely express their ideas and long for others to hear and admire them. According to Jung a person that has a healthy personality can realize these opposite tendencies and can express each. Ralph most closely adheres to Jung’s theory about healthy personality. Ralph has a need for socialization but, he also knows when he needs time for reflection and thought, many times Ralph wishes that he had time to gather his thoughts before he had to go and present them in front of the rest of the tribe. When reading Lord of the Flies some readers may miss the latent meaning and only focus on the manifest. Readers who do not take in deeper psychological nature of the novel would attribute the boy’s different reaction to the island, to differences in personality and background instead of the boys taking on the image of the different levels of consciousness. This reader might think that they could not keep order simply because they are just young boys when their real motives were their subconscious need for superiority. The entire novel deals with the psychological principles set forth by Freud, Adler, and Jung; it could be considered a case study that verifies the very things that these psychologists believed.

Video gam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Video gam - Essay Example This essay will explore these parameters and make a conclusion as to the effect that violent video games has on society. Markey and Markey (82) studied how aggressive tendencies might be mediated by personality. In other words, there are certain personality types which are more affected by video games than other types. For instance, individuals who score high on tests that measure psychotic or antisocial tendencies – lack of sympathy, aggressiveness, unfriendliness, untrustworthiness, lack of emotion, paranoia – are more likely to experience higher levels of hostility and aggressiveness after exposure to violent video games (VVG) than those who do not have these tendencies. This holds true with other forms of media as well, such as violent movies – the psychotic men, after seeing a violent film, is much more likely to state that violence is an acceptable way of resolving conflicts than men who do not score high on tests measuring psychotic or antisocial tendencie s. When these same men are exposed to pornography, they are much more likely than men who do not score high on psychotic or antisocial tendencies to report that they are more likely to rape a woman. ... ily upset, angry, emotional), not agreeable (indifferent and cold) and had low conscientiousness (not keeping promises, acting without thinking, etc.). The researchers concluded that, despite the fact that there is a prevalence of VVG, incidents of violence are relatively rare, therefore there has to be something more that compels these people to violence – much like the fact that, for the majority of the population, peanuts will not cause a reaction, but, for some, they are deadly, VVG are â€Å"deadly† for some, but, for most, have no effect (Markey and Markey, 86). Anderson & Bushman (353) conducted secondary research through PsycINFO, looking at the following terms – video and game and fight, aggression, violence, hostility, anger, arousal, and prosocial. They looked at different studies that looked at the above tendencies, and tied these tendencies to violent video games. They found that the results of these multiple studies showed that exposure to violent v ideo games posed a public health threat to children and youths, which includes college-aged individuals in this analysis. They found that exposure to violent video games decreased pro social behaviors and increased aggression in the participants. That said, they admitted that they needed to review more longitudinal studies, and that violent video games might actually be useful, if these games can teach the game players about nonviolent solutions to social conflicts. Another study conducted by Sacks et al. (1) also suggests that video games might do harm to children. They looked at the amicus curiae briefs that were filed in Brown v. Entertainment Merchant Association, 130 S.Ct. 2398 (2010). They looked at which of the briefs were more persuasive, looking at the quality of the experts who wrote the briefs –

The importance of telephon consultancy service provided by SOCIAL Essay

The importance of telephon consultancy service provided by SOCIAL SUPPORT CENTER in solving social problems in UAE - Essay Example nal (advice, suggestions, or directives that assist the person to respond to personal or situational demands), emotional (empathy, concern, caring, love, and trust) and appraisal (transmission of information in the form of affirmation, feedback and social comparison) (Bilthoven) Advice through telephone is a common form of social support. Many people in our society need emotional support and that can be achieved using telephonic advices. For example, anxiety and depression are common problems in many people because of the increased commitments and such people can seek the support/advice from social workers in order to reduce/eliminate their stress. There are many people in our society who is facing physical and emotional problems which can be tackled up to certain extent through telephonic advices or support. UAE is a country which is facing so many social problems and the people are reluctant to reveal it publicly. When people approaches social support centres directly, their privacy cannot be guaranteed. Such people can seek the assistance of telephonic advices from social centres to solve their problems. This paper briefly explains the telephone consultancy services in UAE in solving social problems. UAE doctors have recently warned the public that more local women are taking up smoking shisha as part of a worrying new lifestyle trend within the UAE. Dr. Bassam Mahboub has explained that the exact number of women smokers is difficult to know becasue they are smoking at private places (AMEinfo.com). Solomon et al (1996), after a thorough research have found that social support through telephone calls using ex-smokers is effective in making positive changes in women smoking (Solomon et al, p.379). Women smokers are large in many countries and UAE is also not an exception. Unlike other countries, it is difficult to estimate the number of women smokers in UAE since most of them smoke privately because of their fear of tight social and cultural norms. These female

Summary Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Summary - Coursework Example For instance, an immigrant child is able to communicate by both their native language and the foreign language. In addition, a child is enabled to understand different languages easily due to their versatile minds. This ability also increases their suitability to balance the requirement to speak with different languages at different contexts. Sorace & Ladd (2015) assert that this is easily attainable regardless of the assumption that children may confuse their language selection. The article develops the assumption that children learn better in natural environments. This eradicates the need to educate children on different language. Sorace & Ladd (2015) point out that children learn easily through natural exposure regardless of their age and native language. The author further points out that as they develop they evaluate the importance of each language in their social life. At this point, parents are required to provide a balanced exposure to the languages a child is exposed to. From the article, the advantages of bilingual children is sensitized. The article disregards numerous misconceptions that children may suffer from the effects of bilingual skills in their language development efforts. Conclusively, bilingual children are massively benefited, and have the ability to balance their bilingual

Legalization of Drugs in United States and Mexico (based on drug Research Paper

Legalization of Drugs in United States and Mexico (based on drug problems, trafficking, and cartels between these two countries) - Research Paper Example egardless of the legality; or allow the illegal status of drugs to continue to foster an environment and business that spreads violence, fear, insecurity, and the loss of life into American communities (Morris 36). Instead of wasting a lot of the government resources in trying to suppress the use of the drugs, the state should run a campaign that is information oriented so as to enlighten people about the risks and even possible consequences of using many kinds of drugs. This paper seeks to analyze whether the use of drugs should be legalized or not in the United States and Mexico based on the problems that are associated with the drugs that create cartel between the two countries. In the United States, purity of illegal Amphetamine in most cases is below 5%, and some of the tablets that are sold in the marketplaces are sold as ecstasy that do not contain MDMA at all. Instead, a lot of drugs are adulterated with other substances like chalk and even talcum to form completely different drugs. When the use of drugs are made legal then the state can get it very easy to regulate their sale and availability in the market to make sure that they are very safe and clean for human consumption and that they ate not cut with other substances that may be harmful to human life. Making the use of drugs illegal by the state increases the amount of crime that could have been easily eliminated if the drugs were legalized. Controlling the prices of the drugs would imply that drug addicts would leave their habits of stealing so as to fund their habits of using drugs. On the other hand state provided drugs services would keep out the drug dealers out of the business thereby starving the criminal gangs of their primary source of funds. Most Taliban get a lot of their revenues from the sale of poppies which gives a good ground for the heroin. They participate in doing this through intimidation farmers in the local regions who would otherwise sell their produce at the market places

National Institute of Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

National Institute of Health - Essay Example And they are more inconsistent, affected by momentary events and dominated by objects in their immediate environment". However, when every function of the child is predominated by such behaviour then it is time to take cognizance. (Barkley, Russell. A, 1998). This disorder was first described by Heinrich Hoffman in 1845. A child with this affliction will either be hyperactive or will seem to be always lost in a brown study. The main causes for this disease are supposed to be neurobiological and genetic. A possible correlation between the use of alcohol and nicotine during pregnancy has been established by various studies. (Stock, Margaret, n.d). The hormone epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), is released during stressful situations producing an increased heart rate and increased blood flow to the muscles. Stimulants act similarly by increasing the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. In addition they also act on the limbic system that reward behaviours like sexual intercourse, eating and drinking or in other words actions that are beneficial to the continuation of the species. These are normally accompanied by positive sensations due to increased levels of dopamine in the limbic system. Stimulants mimic this activity but at a much more enhanced level producing euphoric sensations by directly increasing dopamine level

Canadian education system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Canadian education system - Essay Example The "Whig interpretation" viewed "much of history, through British Whig eyes," as the best way to progress, "away from savagery and ignorance towards peace, prosperity, and science" (Hayes, 2002). This is view self-limiting, and is inherently, thus, incapable of presenting a true and balanced picture. The social perspective of history, influenced mainly by Bailyn (1960), stands apart from 'Whig history' and analyzes the system of informal education, prevalent earlier to the advent of public schooling, as provided by the family, community and the Church. With more emphasis on the importance of informal education, this interpretation recognizes that "schools are but one aspect" of the ever-changing "society", which "is a complex web" (Mazurek, 1986, p. 25). However, there is one shortcoming in this perspective; the main objective of this interpretation, it appears, was to impress upon the educational historians that, education must be viewed beyond mere professional and instructional dimensions of schooling (Carney, 1990, p 10). Ethnographic interpretation of history has some advantages, in the sense that, one gets to view different angles reported and recorded. Since this form of interpretation admits that human reactions are varied, it recognizes as valid, subjective interpretations of "what actually happens", as perceived by teachers, parents and students (Mazurek, 1986: 28). In recent times, the use of 'hypermedia' for ethnographic studies has increased "the potential to offer a form of ethnographic representation which is highly reflexive, collaborative, and multi-vocal" (Anderson, 1999). Revisionism - for ideological, political and economic analysis The inherent complexities of the various issues affecting education, makes it extremely hard, to arrive at a consensus theory, regarding the history of the system's evolution. Revisionist history came into being, in the process of trying to explain the various conflicting social forces, driving the nascent development of educative reforms, then. Under the guise of a so-called movement, some sections of the society, actively promoted and established public schooling, as progressive development. Arguments and counter-arguments fill the revisionist literature with abundance of details. From this quagmire of conflicting views, two major alternative interpretations emerged, - The Radical revisionism and Moderate revisionism. They are similar to each other, and yet differ in the emphasis placed on the links between the past events and, the present context. At the center of the revisionist historian's perspective is that "Schooling seeks to make selves" with its goal as moral regulation to facilitate "self-rule" or "self-government" (Corrigan, Curtis & Lanning, 1987, p.23). As Mazurek (1986, p.26) puts it, "schools are perceived as one weapon in the arsenal of privileged groups in the society as they attempt to perpetuate status

Does Globalisation Americanisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Does Globalisation Americanisation - Essay Example Another feature of globalisation is grobalisation by which â€Å"the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, organisations† (Ritzer & Ryan 2004: 41) promote the imposition of themselves in various geographic areas for increased power, influence and profits. Two subprocesses of grobalisation are Americanisation and McDonaldisation. Americanisation can be defined as the further spread and establishment of American ideas, customs, social patterns, language, industry, and capital around the world. The concept of Americanisation â€Å"envisions a growth in American influence in all realms throughout the world† (Ritzer & Ryan 2004: 47). McDonaldization is the spread of the fast-food restaurant concept not only within the United States, but in increasing numbers of other societies throughout the world (Ritzer 2010). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to determine whether globalisation is synonymous with Americanisation. The Emergence and Evolution of Amer icanisation and Globalisation Americanisation is the larger conceptual framework that includes various interconnected phenomena, among which globalisation is one of the most important. The cultural impact of globalisation on Americanisation as a key 20th century transformation has great consequences. Mennell (2009) believes that globalisation and Americanisation should be examined together in long term perspective. The United States drove globalisation from 1945 to 2000; during this time globalisation was synonymous with Americanisation and Westernization, although terms such as â€Å"hybridity† and â€Å"flexible acculturation† which pertain to immigrants in the United States, prevailed only after 2001 (Nederveen Pieterse 2009). Globalisation is radically transforming all nations and the lives of billions of people all over the world. Globalisation theory characteristically accorded a great deal of significance to developments in the west, and its western bias also me ant that â€Å"the rest of the world had little choice but to become like it† (Ritzer & Ryan 2004: 41). After the Second World War, American companies with a highly efficient industrial management system expanded to locations across the globe. This globalisation of American companies had an effect on the internationalisation of German firms between 1945 to the early 1970s, and the resultant outcomes on German corporate management and competitive strategies throws light on how global corporate players evolved. The Americans tried to recapture the markets that they lost during the war, and attempted to enter new geographic markets. To withstand the American challenge, German companies resorted to new management strategies such as the adoption of American know-how, leading to a process of catching up and globalised corporate growth in German companies (Hilger 2008). Conversi (2010) argues that the consequences of cultural Americanisation is one of the least studied areas of the phenomenon of globalisation, although it is the most critical feature. The global expansion of Americanisation can be denoted accurately through distinctive stages of expansion, followed by periods of comparative and momentary recession; this in turn is followed by increased expansion. Hence, Americanisation is the broader conceptual framework that consists of various interconnected phenomena, out of which the most important is globalisation. This has established

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Annotated Bibliography Example Through examination of existing policies and laws as well as those in previous years, this magazine exposes the loopholes. It also provides a basis for the responsible bodies to effect appropriate actions to deal with negative effects of immigration. Of concern are the high rates of illegal immigrants in United States of America. Matthews, Christopher. "Business & Money." Business Money The Economics of Immigration Who Wins Who Loses and Why Comments. N.P., 30 Jan. 2013. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. . This is a recent news source for the major players in immigration. It covers the native Americans and the immigrants. As such, the effect of immigration on the native Americans is done by assessing the benefits and threats. The plight of immigrants is also covered and the entails of the new environment in terms of economic gains is looked at. In this website, there is maximum attention on the statistics of immigrants over the recent years. The numbers are given as a result of America community survey results from 2009. The data relating to immigrants numbers and their source countries is given. Rivera-Batiz, Francisco L. "Undocumented Workers in the Labor Market: An Analysis of the Earnings of Legal and Illegal Mexican Immigrants in the United States." Journal of Population Economics 12.1 (1999): 91-116. Print. This journal focuses on illegal immigrants especially from Mexico crossing through the U.S-Mexico border. An analysis of financial returns they obtains from the jobs they obtain is present. These returns are compared to legal Mexican immigrants and native born Americans. The disparities in income are explained and their economic relevance highlighted by the authors. This journal addresses the common argument concerning the impact of immigrants on the native-born Americans. The main provisions in this journal explain the reasons why immigrants secure jobs while native

The Many Issues Working Parents Face Essay Example for Free

The Many Issues Working Parents Face Essay Working parents may consider work to be either a blessing or a curse. Most people agree that without work there is no way to support oneself or a family. Both parents are forced to work because they want their children to experience â€Å"the good life.† However, on their road to success, working parents have to sacrifice several other things. In addition to a lack of family or leisure time, a person’s job also creates a lot of stress. Work can be the highway to success. However, hectic schedules caused by long hours of work can lead to negative changes in one’s personal life. Marilyn Gardner talks about a cop whose work hours are messed up. She states that Mr. Fulgham â€Å"works twelve-hour shifts which rotate between days and nights† and eats breakfast when his family is normally eating lunch. He gets almost no time with his family. When he gets a chance to spend time with his family, it causes the schedule of his family to get messed up too (Gardner 235-38). De Graaf, a journalist for the New York Times, states that â€Å"(u)ntil the current recession, Americans were working some of the longest hours in the industrial world.† Long hours at work lead to lesser time with family. For example, in â€Å"My Mother, Her Career, My Questions,† Palmer has a friend whose mother hardly spent any time with her. Being a doctor and working long hours, the mother was so tired when she came back home that she had to â€Å"force hers elf to play† with her kids (Palmer 244). This shows how work can have a negative impact of the person’s relationships with his/her family. Even parents feel guilty about not being able to spend enough time with family. They admit that the longer they work, the lesser time they spend with their kids (Seligson). It is said that people who work longer hours are more likely to get a divorce due to the lack of togetherness. The main point of being a â€Å"family† is that the members of the family have to be together and enjoy each other’s company. However, parents that work weird schedules or extremely long hours fail to spend enough time with their family. This loosens relationships and can even tear apart families. Thus, there has to be a balance between work time and family time. Parents are always aiming to work those extra hours to get more work done, but they do not realize that  they are missing out on their children’s lives. Additionally, working parents need to know that too much work can also cause Another negative effect of working long hours is the stress it causes. When there isn’t enough time to complete a certain project at work, a person works overtime to finish it. These long hours can mess up a person’s daily schedule. Anger, exhaustion and stress are some of the many negative effects long hours have on an individual (Gillian). Audrey Gillian, a journalist for The Guardian, feels that Ronald Regan was wrong when he said â€Å"hard work never killed anyone.† The health issues caused by working long hours can eventually lead to death. In addition to that, in â€Å"The Case for Staying at Home,† Claudia Wallis talks about how women have to work both at their workplace and at home which creates more stress and exhaustion. In â€Å"Serving in Florida† Barbara juggled two different jobs. With the minimum wage she got, she could hardly afford to pay her rent (Ehrenreich 179-186). She started working longer hours to get more money. Although she tried fighting till the end, she had to finally give up both her jobs because she was working all day and couldn’t seem to make ends meet (Ehrenreich 186). It seems like people have to choose between life and work. After coming back from a day of hard work, one would usually opt to take a break and just rest. However, women are expected to come home and attend to the family’s needs. She has to cook, clean and basically keep her family happy (Wallis 240). This causes the person to be stressed out and fatigued. People need to realize that it is fine to take a break from work once in a while. A person’s body has a certain limit for everything. When a person goes beyond that limit, the human body reacts and this causes stress and other health related issues. Stress leads to fights which lead to broken relationships. Are you ready to forget about family and only focus on your career? Most would say that there needs to be balance so that one can be successful at work and at the same time, maintain good relationships with his/her family. All in all, work may have a positive effect on our lives, but in excess it can ruin a person’s life and even break up families. Work can also make a person weary and tired. If you are in surgery, would you prefer a well rested doctor to operate on you or one who has been working the whole day with no break? I would surely opt for the rested one to make sure nothing would go wrong. People need to maintain a work-life balance so that the effects of work  don’t cause their life any harm. Works Cited de Graaf, John. Less Work, More Life. The Progressive Sept. 2010: 22+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. Ehrenreich, Barbara. Serving in Florida. 2001. The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric. Boston: Bedford, 2008. 179-86. Print. Gardner, Marilyn. More Working Parents Play Beat the Clock. The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2008. 235-38. Print. Gillan, Audrey. Work until You Drop: How the Long-hours Culture Is Killing Us. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 20 Aug. 2005. Web. 06 Dec. 2012. Palmer, Kimberly. My Mother, Myself, Her Career, My Questions. The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2008. 243-45. Print. Seligson, Hannah. When the Work-Life Scales Are Unequal. The New York Times. The New York Times, 02 Sept. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. Wallis, Claudia. The Case for Staying at Home. 2006. The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric. Bedford, Freeman Worth Pub., 2008. 240-41. Print.

Mix Design Procedure And Principles Engineering Essay

Mix Design Procedure And Principles Engineering Essay 1. Introduction In the following coursework we are going to take look at the steps that must be taken into account for performing a concrete mix design. When we talk about mix design, we are going to deal with two categories of property requirements: one category specific for fresh concrete (fresh properties of concrete); and another category specific for hardened concrete (Neville 1995). The aim of this coursework is also to analyze the properties of the freshly formed concrete due to the design performed, and not of the hardened concrete. As outlined in Lecture 2, the two types of property categories are not independent from one another, more likely they are directly linked, and failure in compliance with fresh properties will lead to poor concrete quality in hardened state. Basically, concrete mix design is performed by a careful selection of quantities for concrete ingredients with the aim at producing cost effective concrete having a minimum set of properties such as: workability, compressive strength and durability (Neville 1995). For the purpose of this coursework, we are going to design concretes which will contain mixes of classic ingredients like ordinary Portland cement as a bonding material and, either 100% Gravel or 100% Recycled Aggregates, as a filler material. Also, we are going to design mixes by replacing a part of the Portland cement with cementitious materials such as Silica Fume (10% SF) or Fly Ash (30% FA) and the reason of using these fine materials is that they will limit the amount of energy consumed in the mixing process, which ordinary Portland cement is not capable of doing. Having 4 types of concrete mixes, we are going to deal with different properties between these mixes, each set of concrete properties being governed by the properties of the materials used. For example, recycled aggregate presents an increase in porosity compared with gravel, so it is no surprise that concretes with recycled aggregates will demand more water content than ordinary, natural aggregates. Eventually the workability will be affected by the higher water demand (Dhir et al. 1998). Also, as comparison between the effects on concrete determined by SF or FA we must state that concretes with FA will experience a decrease in water demand, reduced bleeding and good cohesiveness, while concrete with SF will bring an increase in water quantity. Because they were 4 different types of mixes to be designed and tested in the lab, 4 groups, each designing their own mix, were created. Our group had the task of performing the mix design for the 10% SF mix and this was done according to BS 1881: Part 125: 1983 Testing concrete Methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory. Silica fume has certain characteristics that make the handling, when we make the mixing of components, to be a difficult task. This is due to the small particle size and high fineness of the silica fume, so slurry is going to be prepared, by combining silica fume with water, when performing the mixing and also we should make sure that the slurry will be fully dispersed into the mix. By having a high fineness, the SF particles will demand a large surface to be covered with water, bringing an increase in water demand as stated above. Mixes having silica fume as ingredient will give us high performance concretes., and the presence of SF in the mix design process will not only affect the quantities of the mix proportions to be used as ingredients of concrete, but also will lead to an improvement in the fresh properties of the concrete like: high cohesiveness, little to none bleeding, suitable for pumping (Neville et al. 1995). In the lab, after we performed the mix, we made some tests in order to have quality control over the product: Slump Test, according to BS EN 12350-2:2000 Testing fresh concrete Part 2: Slump test, to determine the workability of the concrete and the Plastic Density Test, according to BS 12350-6, 2000 Testing concrete Method for determination of density of compacted fresh concrete, to determine the actual plastic density of the concrete. 2. Mix Design Procedure and worksheets. 2.1. Procedure principles. It should be stated that this method is not an exact method of quantity assessment mainly, because of the variability of the parameters affecting the constituents of this procedure. Trial mixes are made with the purpose of guessing which combinations of ingredients will be suitable for the desired concrete properties and we can modify these mixes to correspond to our requirements (Neville 1995). 2.2. Description for performing concrete mix design. Mix design follows several steps according to BRE Report 331, in which the flow chart of steps takes into consideration all parameters of the mix constituents and also shows us how they are linked together. The results of the computation are going to be written on a Concrete Mix Design Form. For performing this procedure a number of initial specifications must be given, specifications which include: Cement type 52.5 N; Aggregate type Gravel; Maximum aggregate size 20 mm; Fine aggregate grading 44%; Aggregate relative densities 2600 kg/m3; 10% Silica Fume 0.45, 0.6 and 0.75 w/c, 180l/m ³ water content, Slump of 30-60 mm (achieving S3 with SP) The stages which govern this procedure, as specified in BRE Report 331 are: Stage 1 water/cement ratio Stage 2 water content Stage 3 cement content Stage 4 total aggregate content Stage 5 fine aggregate proportion Stage 6 trial mixing Having the 3 free-water cement ratios, the slump and the maximum size of the aggregates given, we can skip the first stage and the amount of water needed can easily be determined. As we can see, 3 mixes will be prepared for which we can determine the amount of bonding material needed if the quantity of water is known. In this total amount of bonding material, 10% is Silica Fume, while 90% is ordinary Portland cement. In stage 4 we shall determine the total quantity of aggregate present in the mix. Because we have the grading of the fine aggregate, we can determine the quantity of the coarse aggregates by subtracting from the total quantity of aggregate the fine aggregate quantity. From the total quantity of coarse aggregate we know that 1/3 is for 10 mm Gravel and 2/3 for 20 mm Gravel. After we have determined all the mix proportions, we have to make specimens from the resulted concrete mix, specimens which will be subjected to different tests and conditions in order to determine the suitability of hardened concrete. These concrete specimens result from trial mixes for which batch weights are computed for a batch size of 0.02 m3. One aspect hasnt been discussed so far: the use of admixtures in the concrete mix design. Admixtures are regarded as secondary ingredients of concrete, and not in the same class of importance like water or cement. There are different types of admixtures, depending on their effect on concrete, and, also their use is regarded from an economical and an increase in concrete quality point of view. For the purpose of our assignment, the admixture type which we are going to use is Superplasticizer (Glenium 51) and the British standard that regulates and controls their use is BS 5075: Part 3: 1985. Superplasticizers are water reducing admixtures, and their effect on concrete is related to an improvement in fresh properties, mainly an increase in workability. 4. Batch quantities allowing for absorption. 4.1. Porosity, Absorption and their link. Porosity and absorption are aspects concerning the aggregates, so the following discussion will take into account the way in which the presence of pores will affect the concrete. There are 2 types of pores: internal and external pores, which vary in size- the external pores, can even be seen sometimes with the naked eye. Because of its viscosity, cement paste cannot fully cover the pores of the aggregates, but water is able to do that, which eventually will lead in an increase of water demand (Neville 1995). It might seem that because its only related to aggregate, porosity and absorption will not affect concrete, but lets not forget that the weight of aggregates represents approximately 75% of the weight of concrete. Also, by doing the mixing of concrete in the lab, the moisture content of the aggregates decreases, so an adjustment for absorption of aggregates must be done: we fully dry the aggregates in an oven, after which we put the aggregates in water, for 24 hours. An increase in weight occurs, meaning that all the pores are fully saturated (Neville 1995). The absorption is expressed as a ratio between the moisture content increase observed in the dried aggregates to the mass of the dried aggregates. The following absorption values for aggregates are used for our designed concretes: Gravel 5/20 1.0% Sand 0/5 0.5% RA 5/10 3% RA 10/20 4% 4.2. Adjustments for absorption. The adjustments for absorption, determined in accordance with BS 812: Part 2, are performed on the aggregate types which are going to be used in the mixture. The aggregates which we are going to use for the 10% SF mix concrete are: sand 0/5 and gravel 5/20. The method allows computing the additional quantity of water required for absorption by the following formula: Material batch weight (kg) x absorption value (%) = additional water required Having found the additional water quantity, the adjustment for absorption of aggregates can be performed by: Aggregate batch weight (kg) absorbed water (kg) = adjusted aggregate batch weight 5. Mixing procedure and tests carried out in Lab 1. 5.1. Mixing procedure. Relevant Standards: BS 1881: Part 125: 1983 Testing concrete methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory. The mixing procedure is the combining of all concrete ingredients, with the purpose so that the aggregates surface is covered by cement paste, and it follows 2 steps: a) Sample preparation; b) mixing. At the previous topic, the adjustment of aggregates for absorption was explained. Its one of the requirements for the sample preparation step, and was the last one that needed to be carried out before the proper mixing of all concrete ingredients can be performed. When discussing about sample preparation, we also must take into account that we should produce at least 10% more quantity of concrete than the required quantity for the tests that have to be done; Follows a series of tasks: initially, the aggregates should be added in the following order: coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, sand after which we mix for 30 seconds. 1/2 of the water quantity must be added next, mix for another minute, after which we thoroughly mix by hand. Water absorption by the aggregates takes place when we leave covered the mixer for 8 minutes. Silica fume is mixed with water for 1 minute before adding it to the mix, after which we add the cement and mix it for 1 minute. We clean the paddles; we add the remaining water and superplasticizer and mix for other 4-5 minutes, after which we ensure homogeneity by mixing the sample by hand. 5.2. Tests carried out in Lab 1. Before starting the discussion about what tests must be done, we should note that all these tests on fresh concrete should be carried out within 15 minutes of mixing. Two tests will be done: slump test and plastic density. After the tests are carried out, we must put the used concrete in the mixer and mix for other 30 seconds. The Slump test has the aim of analysis of the workability of the fresh concrete, and it regulated by BS EN 12350-2:2000 Testing fresh concrete Part 2: slump test standard. When performing this test we must have some basic equipment: a slump cone with foot rests and a metal rod (16 mm diameter, 600 mm long). First, we must moisten the slump cone, after which we pour the concrete in the cone, while it is hold firmly into position. The pouring of the concrete must be done in 3 equal layers which are tamped 25 times with the steel road. The excess of concrete at the top and around the slump cone is removed, after which the cone is removed, inverted and placed next to the slumped concrete in order to enable us to measure the vertical distance from the top of the cone to the highest point of the slumped concrete. The measured vertical distance has to be reported for the nearest 5 mm, and shows us the nature of the slump that we deal with: true, collapse and shear slump. Fig. 5.2: True, shear and collapse slump (Neville et al. 1987) If the shear or collapse of the sample concrete occurs, we must perform the slump test once again. Plastic Density is determined on a compacted concrete sample in the lab, and is regulated by BS 12350-6, 2000 Testing concrete Method for determination of density of compacted fresh concrete standard. When performing this test we must have some basic equipment: 10 liter steel container (200 mm internal diameter, 320 mm internal height, and 4 mm wall thickness), vibrating table and 300 mm steel rule. The test is carried out as follows: we measure the mass of the empty container after which we measure the mass of the container filled with 10 liter of water. The concrete is poured in the empty container, in six equal layers which will be compacted on the vibrating table and the excess concrete at the top will be removed. We record the mass of the container with the concrete in it; we return the concrete to the mixer and clean the equipment. The computation can now be performed with the following formula: Plastic density, D = m / V Where, m = mass of concrete in container (To the nearest 10 g) V = volume of container = mass of water in container (from calibration) /1000. During the mix design we have found a plastic density for each water-cement ratio. Having found that plastic density, the new lab computed plastic density must not differ by more than  ±20 kg/m ³ then the actual plastic density (mix design). 7. Yield: corrected mix proportions and differences between design/plastic and volumetric method. Because in the mix design we have taken into account only those parameters that have a major impact on concrete characteristics, and we disregarded those that have a minor role, some errors might occur during the mix design. Such errors might include: faulty maneuvering of concrete ingredients, errors in performing the mixing procedure. These errors are visible when the total weight of the concrete ingredients is different than the lab computed wet concrete density (plastic density). Having computed in the lab the actual plastic density of the mix, we can make corrections to the mix proportion weights so that some of the residual errors might be able to be corrected. One of the ways by which this can be done is adjusting for yield. Yield is the ratio between the actual density and the total density, and the adjustment is performed by multiplying this ratio with the weight of each constituent, giving us corrected mix proportions. As an example we shall perform the correction of the mix proportions for the 0.45 w/c ratio mix: During the mix design we have found that the wet density of concrete (plastic density) is 2380 kg/m3. Cement+10% SF 360+40 kg/m ³ Water 180 kg/m ³ Sand 650 kg/m ³ 10mm Agg 385 kg/m ³ 20mm Agg 770 kg/m ³ TOTAL DENSITY 2385 kg/m ³ ACTUAL PLASTIC DENSITY 2410 kg/m ³ (tested in labs) The correction is done with the following formula: Corrected = (Actual density/ Total Density) x each constituent = 2410/2385=1.0105 Cement+10% SF (365+40) kg/m ³ Water 180 kg/m ³ Sand 655 kg/m ³ 10mm Agg 390 kg/m ³ 20mm Agg 780 kg/m ³ CORRECTED DENSITY 2410 kg/m ³ Another method by which we can adjust the mix proportions is the volumetric method. The main feature of this method is that, when performing the adjustment, we will take into consideration the particle density of each constituent taking part in the mix design. We shall also make an example for the volumetric method of correction of mix proportions. Cement 360 kg/m ³ / 3150 kg/m ³ = 0.114 SF 40 kg/m ³ / 2000 kg/m ³ = 0.02 Water 180 kg/m ³ / 1000 kg/m ³ = 0.18 Sand 650 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.25 10mm Agg 385 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.148 20mm Agg 770 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.296 ACTUAL 1.008 THEORETICAL 1.0000 The correction formula: Correction factor = (Theoretical/Actual) x each constituent = 0.992 Cement 355 kg/m ³ / 3150 kg/m ³ = 0.1133 SF 40 kg/m ³ / 2000 kg/m ³ = 0.020 Water 180 kg/m ³ / 1000 kg/m ³ = 0.180 Sand 645 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.2474 10mm Agg 380 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.1461 20mm Agg 765 kg/m ³ / 2600 kg/m ³ = 0.2932 ACTUAL 1.0000 THEORETICAL 1.0000 The main difference between the two methods which we have shown is that the yield method requires computing the lab plastic density, and comparing it to the plastic density taken into account in the design phase of the mix, while for the volumetric method is not necessary to make that extra effort in order to make the adjustment. As far as to which method is more appropriate to be used, from a first look at our example, we can consider that the volumetric method is more appropriate, at least from an economic point of view, because the adjustments made gave us smaller weights of materials than the adjustment for yield weights. But my opinion is that the plastic density method is much more appropriate to be used, because its more reliable, and you have a superior certainty about the elimination of the errors that appear in the mixing phase and also a better control of quality of the concrete. 8. Comments on fresh properties. The discussion about the fresh properties of concrete might seem to be not as important as the hardened concrete properties from a structural point of view, but as we have previously noted, there is a direct link between the two types of properties: for example the strength of hardened concrete is greatly improved when a sufficient compaction of the fresh concrete was established (Neville 1995).The objective of this discussion is to see the degree by which different concrete components affect the fresh properties of concrete, and we shall do this by comparing the mixes presenting silica fume, fly ash and recycled aggregate with the ordinary Portland cement mix (100% Gravel). The influence of aggregate type: by comparing the fresh properties of the 100% Gravel mix and 100% RA mix. Due to the fact RA have a higher porosity, a larger amount of water is needed in the mix which will eventually affect the workability of the fresh concrete. Because we have considered an absorption value for RA which was too high (RA density was larger than 2400kg/m3), the RA mix presented collapse slump, thus poor workability, also a slight bleeding, and segregation of the concrete constituents is present, leading to a poor cohesiveness. In the 30% FA and 10% SF mixes we have used as aggregate, gravel, so the influence of aggregate type on fresh concrete is the same in all 3 mixes, the only differences occur from the influence of other parameters. The cement type that we have used was either ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 N) or composite Portland cement, by combining the Portland cement with a cementitious material like silica fume or fly ash. As we can see from the comparison of the composite Portland cement mixes with those having only Portland cement, the 30% FA mix presents no bleeding or segregation of materials, a good cohesiveness and finishability. Fly ash reduces the amount of water to be used in the mix, having a similar effect as a superplasticizer, so at larger water cement ratios we have collapsed slump, poor cohesiveness, and a slight bleeding and segregation is present but the compactibility and finishability is still good, making it suitable for pumping . That is not the case with silica fume. Silica fume increases the water demand, and generally the mixes with silica fume present good cohesiveness, no bleeding and segregation, true slump giving us a good workability. The usage of both silica fume and sup erplasticizers has a good effect on concrete. The amount of fine material is directly linked to the cost of both silica fume and fly ash. The cost of production is quite large, so the use of silica fume and fly ash is no longer a cheap, viable solution for Portland cement replacement. As far as their consequences on fresh properties, for the 100% Gravel mix, at lower water-cement ratios we deal with a stiff mix, having less finishability and compactibility than when the amount of Portland cement is decreased, while the cohesiveness, lack of bleeding and segregation is kept the same on all mixes. We could use higher amounts of SF and FA but after a certain amount they cease to have any effect on the fresh properties of concrete. The water-cement ratio is one of the main factors affecting the concrete fresh properties, simply because water and cement are two of the main constituents of concrete. In the 100% RA mix, because of the use of RA, it was necessary to have a higher amount of water than in the other 3 mixes, which in return gave us a poor cohesiveness, a collapsible slump resulting in a poor workability. Also some segregation and bleeding was observed, which was not present in the other mixes. As a general rule, when the w/c ratio is decreased, the ratio between the other concrete constituents is kept constant, so the workability increases (Neville 1995). The SP amount required for workability. Superplasticizers greatly affect the slump of a mix. For the 100% Gravel mix we used approximately 0.12% amount of superplasticizers for all w/c ratios, which gave us a true slump. When we look at the 30% FA and 10% SF mix we can see that we have increased the amount to about 0.31% which gave us a collapse in slump when we used FA, so too much SP, and a true slump for SF, because SF works much better with SP compared to FA. 9. Conclusions This coursework has to be looked at as being divided in two parts: a part about the concrete mix design and establishing all the mix proportions of the concrete constituents and another part relating to the fresh properties of the resulted concrete. During this coursework we have successfully designed 4 types of concrete, and as a result the fresh properties of the 4 concretes were individually established and assessed. The mix of concrete ingredients, the determination of slump and the computation of plastic density were all done in the lab according to the relevant standard governing each task. The designed concrete types were: 100% Gravel, 100% RA, 30% FA and 10% SF. By assessing the concrete fresh properties we have seen which mixes had problems and were not suitable for using on site, but excluding some problems found (a high amount of superplasticizer than the one needed in the 30% FA), in general the mixes presented good workability without segregation or bleeding, were suitable for pumping so they could be used on site, in real conditions.

Energy Consumption and Economic Activity

Energy Consumption and Economic Activity Abstract Nowadays, most analysts agree that energy is crucial for the global economic output, as it constitutes the backbone of international economy. Global trade, industry and ultimately our current lifestyle could not be maintained without it. As the world economy improves and new opportunities are created, it is expected that energy demand will increase significantly in the future. In recent decades, its significant role is understood by a lot of business sectors and academics, who investigate systematically the relationship between energy and economic development. The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic activity. More specifically, in the first part of the study the basic goal is the brief presentation of the indices that will be used to define and understand the term of economic growth and the contribution of energy in the process of economic development, and the second part presents the panel data econometric investigation of statistical package Stata with a view to investigate the existence or non existence of a causal relationship between the variable energy consumption and economic growth. The empirical analysis is performed along a check. Specifically, the set of test examines whether the consumption of electricity affects economic growth. The analysis focuses on a specific sample of countries comprising the 28 member states of the European Union. In addition it is significant to underline that for this econometric approach the economic development will be expressed through the human development index (HDI for consecutive years from 2010 to 2014), which is the most widely used measure o f development, while in terms of energy, the variable is the per capita electricity consumption (EPC for consecutive years from 2010 to 2014). While there is a long tradition in economics of development, in the last few years the term economic development has become part of our daily lives. Sustainable, green, urban, regional are just some of the characterizations weve seen, in various publications, articles, books and statements of personalities of the political, economic and academic space, to accompany the development. What do we mean by economic development and why the last few years it has gained so much importance? Its not easy to give a comprehensive and clear answer to the questions above. To get to the definition of the term development, it is good to begin from the examination of another term, that of growth. There are not few those who confuse the two terms. However, it is important to stress that the two terms are not identical. While so, when we look at the economic growth the focus of attention is directed at a very specific variable, the GDP(Gross Domestic Product), the study of economic growth it is difficult to focus on only one factor. The difficulty in this lies in the multidimensional nature of economic development as a concept. So according to all of the above, the concept of economic development is a changing, dynamic concept with a strong element of progression. This fact makes difficult the precise definition of. However, the diversification of the economic growth is evident. Indicators to measure the Development Of The measurement of development and in particular sustainable ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃâ€¦ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š3, as has been mentioned above is a challenge due to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the.The investigation and measurement of development requires a series of indicators that touch the economic, social, environmental and institutional sphere in order to form an overall picture of the level of the country under consideration. Human Development Index Through the official page of the United Nations, and, more specifically, the first Report on Human Development introduced for the first time a new index for measuring development, the Human Development Index (Hyman Development Index). This indicator comprises three individual indices: life expectancy, educational attainment and income. Life expectancy is calculated with the average life expectancy at birth of an individual, the level of education sums the adult proportion of the population that knows the bible and the enrollment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education and end the income represented by the real GDP per capita. The prices of the hdi range in a scale with the lowest point of the zero and superior to the unit and is essentially the non-weighted numeric average of the three above indicators. The gradient on the basis of which separate the countries according to the values of the following Countries of High Human Development The importance of the index and the contribution of a marker was decisive, since by the time that was put at the disposal of economists is perhaps the most popular indicator for measuring development. Europe and Economic Development The European Union acting as a single market consisting of 28 countries, has evolved into a global trading power. Covering only 7 % of the worlds population, the EUs trade with the rest of the world, nearly 20% of total world exports and imports. Important part of this commercial success is due to the free movement of goods within the European borders, after two-thirds of the total trade of EU countries is with other countries of the European Union . The economic displacement is indisputable if one takes into account that the GDP is now larger than that of the united states (Page, 2014). Despite the fact that the European Union is challenged in the last few years from a severe recession , the efforts for a closer cooperation between the member create hopes for new, innovative and environmentally friendly investment projects that will create the right conditions for lasting development and prosperity. The above data demonstrate a robust economy Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½Ãâ€žÃŽ ±Ãâ€š equally good performance in terms of the level not only of quantitative but also of qualitative variables of economic development. Seeing a total of the scores of the table hdi, the countries of the European Union seems to indicate a high score. However, this observation is only one side of the coin. A careful reading of this index indicates variations in prices between states, and between the different regions within the same country. In accordance with the Table these differences are apparent by creating the following groups of countries: The Nordic countries (Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Finland, Denmark), the English-speaking (Uk, Ireland) and the countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland) to create a set of countries with a head start in terms of GDP per capita. The countries of Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal, Ital y, Greece, Cyprus, Malta) are the second group of countries, introducing a lag in the per capita GDP in relation to the leading countries of Northwestern Europe. Finally, the countries of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia ), Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) as well as Romania and Bulgaria are significantly lower prices with regard to GDP per capita. As we have seen in this chapter the measurement of growth is carried out through a series of indicators. Eu and energy The concept of energy is inextricably linked with the European Union. Wouldnt it be excessive if it is supported it is one that the current european edifice owes its existence to the energy and the importance of the role of the wider region. Production, consumption and structure of energy in Europe  in accordance with the table below, the gross inland energy consumption in the European Union in 2012, appears to show a slight fall of 1% in relation to the measurements of   2011. The consumption of petroleum (crude oil and other products/petroleum derivatives) still has a leading role in the European economy, while natural gas has established itself as the second most important source of energy. The solid fossil fuels (e.x. coal, lignite) are losing more and more ground in the pie of energy resources, soil, winning the renewable energy sources which are currently in the last place in the table. The advantage over the RES still retains the nuclear energy which is the pre-last option of the Europeans in terms of energy sources. On the other hand, the primary energy production in the European territory remains unchanged over the last two years to 33 million TJ (Tera Joule). The predictions, however, regarding the future rates of energy production are not particularly favorable, as well as decreasing trends are observed in the production of oil, natural gas, solid fossil fuels and nuclear energy. A positive evolution is taking place in the part of the RES, where it is observed only an increase in the production of energy by 9%. The greatest reductions are detected in order to oil products and natural gas. Nuclear energy in spite of the reductions that were initiated in the last years, still represents the largest source of primary energy production in the European Union. Finally, the hesitant entrance of non-renewable waste in the table remains almost unnoticed, with a rate that does not exceed 2%. Observing ones tables understands easily the main points of concern of European leaders with regard to energy issues. The structure of final energy consumption in each country and the overall European rates in accordance with the table attest to the increased energy needs for oil and natural gas. The board, in turn, confirms the difficulty of Europe in responding to the coverage of energy needs. This gap arises in the energy balance is covered through the import of energy. The investigation happened in the first chapter, set some basic foundations for the understanding of the term economic development and for the importance of the factor energy in the context of the economy. Also in the previous chapter reference was made to the level of economic development in the European area (in terms of quantitative but also the qualitative side of development) and a brief review of the energy strategy of Europe in matters of energy production and consumption , composition of resources, but also the problem of energy dependence, mainly from Russia. The focus of interest in the European area that was in the first section followed by an empirical analysis in order to examine the possibility of a small the larger relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causality between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth. More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causality between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth. Variables: In most studies of this kind of economic development are examined through a particular pointer that is none other than the GDP. In the first part, made specific reference to the different meaning of the term economic development and economic growth, where it was noted that the GDP as an indicator is suitable for measurement of growth but insufficient for measuring development. So in this analysis, the economic growth will be expressed through the human development index (HDI for years 19952010)11, which is the most popular indicator for measuring development. In terms of energy, the first variable is the per capita consumption of electricity (kilowatt hour/capita for the years 19952010) 12, and the second is the per capita natural gas consumption (cubic meter/capita for the years 1995 2010) As it   has been pointed out above, until today, the existing empirical findings on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is not characterized by uniformity. This is because the econometric approach, time periods and the sample of countries analyzed in each survey vary significantly. the results of The econometric study suggest that there is no causal relationship between energy consumption (per capita electricity consumption and per capita consumption of natural gas) and the index of human development for the countries of the European Territory(with the exception of Cyprus and Malta). At this point, we should mention the limitations that existed in the econometric investigation. The econometric analysis ideally would be in the data/observations of at least 30 consecutive years(19802010). Most countries, however, are characterized by incomplete statistics, during the period from 1980 to the early 90s, which limited the possibilities of analysis on data/ observations 16 consecutive years (19952010). Finally, the application of the above econometric analysis variables and the consumption of energy derived from renewable energy sources is an interesting option for future research, as well as the existing statistical data for the use of renewable energy sources is not enough. Also, the application of the analysis in most of the development indicators would offer a more integrated position.

To what extent was the Swiss banking system responsible for empowering

A: Plan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the extent of the support of Swiss banks towards the Nazi regime. In the analysis, the role of Swiss banks during World War II as well as the legal action that those banks faced in recent years will be examined. An evaluation of the origin, purpose, value and limitation of two sources used for research will also be provided in this investigation: â€Å"How Swiss Bank Accounts Work†- by Lee Ann Orbinger, and â€Å"Swiss Banks Settlement: In Re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation†, an official online version of a settlement issued by Judge Edward R. Korman of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. B: Summary of Evidence Swiss Code of Secrecy The Swiss banking system has been renowned for its code of secrecy, which was established over 300 years ago. This policy was created for the French kings, at the time, which required large sums of financial support under utmost secrecy. In 1713, the Great Council of Geneva founded a set of regulations prohibiting bankers from revealing any account information with anybody other than the client, unless the Great Council itself agreed upon the disclosure of information. This allowed Swiss banks to be seen as a safe haven for those with illegal possessions, or even abnormally large bank accounts. Most notably, the noblemen and aristocrats that fled France during the Revolution sought refuge in Switzerland, due to the financial security that was offered. Although the disclosure of account information was frowned upon by the Swiss government, it was not considered a criminal offence. This was until the Banking Act of 1934 was established. Foreign Pressure Switzerland’s Banking Act of 1934 was a fede... ..." HowStuffWorks.com. HowStuffWorks, Inc., 08 June 2007. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. . "Swiss Banks Settlement: In Re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation - Overview." Swiss Banks Settlement: In Re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. . "Switzerland's Role In World War II." Switzerland's Role in World War II. Ed. Markus G. Jud. http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch. Web. 03 Mar. 2012. . "U.S. and Allied Efforts To Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. May 1997. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. .

Japan :: essays research papers

In 1868, Japan underwent radical changes in social aspects as well as economic matters. A ministry of education was soon created in 1872, and in the same year, a strict education code was formulated. The government greatly wanted to industrialize in order to prevent foreign rule. The government sent students to Europe and America in order to learn Western ways. In 1877 the first college, the University of Tokyo was created. Japan quickly became more Western like. Japan in order to increase its industry needed raw materials something in, which the mainland lacked. The only way to gain these was by buying from larger countries or conquering new territory, which had the needed raw materials. Japan wished to gain footholds in Korea, China, and Manchuria but at the time, Russia had already gained footholds in these areas. Japan’s greatly modern military easily defeated the Chinese army and navy over the matter of Korea in the Sino-Japanese war. (Encarta Japan)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1894, Nicholas the 2nd ascended to the throne of Russia. Although he was a good man he was a weak ruler easily dominated by others. With revolutionary trouble at home and the disagreement over Manchuria with Japan, turmoil soon broke out in Russia. Afterward, a compromise with Japan on the Manchuria issue was unsuccessful. Diplomatic ties were broken in early 1904, which prompted a surprise attack, by the Japanese navy on Port Author. The attack was hugely successful. Many of the Russian ships were damaged or destroyed in the attack. News of this brought great civil strife in Russia with a revolutionary fever in the air the people called for reform but the Czar declined the warning. (Encarta Russia)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In March 1904 the Japanese 1st Army landed at Chemulp’o. It faced Russian forces on the Yalu river by late April. The Russian commander, General Aleksey Kuropatkin decided to hold defensive position until reinforcements arrived. The Japanese commander however built up a 6 to 1 troop advantage and a breech of the Yalu river was forced on May 1st. During May the Japanese 2nd army landed on the Liaodong peninsula. It quickly severed communications between Port Author and the Russian forces in Manchuria. It then captured Kinchow and won the battle of Nanshan on May 30th. Soon the 2nd army besieged Port Author. The Russian commander Kuropatkin was personally ordered by Nicolas the 2nd to hold Port Author. Kuropatkin decided to move his main forces to Liaoyang.

Science vs. Religion: How were we created? Essays -- essays research p

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of creation is one of the most controversial issues we have today. Your age, background, religion, and beliefs are the main characters that effect what you believe created the world. Science believes several theories on the creation but the most accepted is the Big Bang Theory. Religion has their own views on creation, Christians believe that God created the world, Islamic believe that Allah created man but in steps, and Mayans believe that the Heart of Sky created man. I plan on discussing each view in detail and then you the reader may make your decision on what you feel are true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Big Bang Theory is the scientific theory to explain the beginning of the world and of man. Scientists have discovered that there was a beginning of time, nothing before and what we call our universe after. According to the theory the universe started as small, dense, and extremely hot. After what they call the Big Bang, the universe cooled and expanded. An example that many scientists use is a balloon. The say that is starts with the popping of a balloon, releasing all its contents. Then the balloon continues to inflate. I would compare it to a raw noodle turning into a cooled, cooked noodle. The noodle was dense and extremely hot into an expanded, cool noodle. There are several evidences that support this theory, the first is that there was a beginning, second according to Hubble’s law the galaxies and stars are moving away from us. Hubble’s law would support the theory of expansion and that the universe was once compact. Another piece of eviden ce is the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation that would support that the universe was very hot at one time. The last piece of evidence would be that large quantities of Hydrogen and Helium are found in the universe and supports the models of Big Bang. The Big Bang Theory is the most popular and possible theory for creation, it is not the only one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christians view creation as clear and simple, God created the world in six days. According to the bible, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,† (Genesis 1:1). â€Å"And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day,† (Genesis 1:31). The main evidence to support this theory is the Bible. If you believe i... ...ases the animals into the wooden people’s homes. The animals decide they were abused by the wooden people and are going to do the same to them. They were chased off into the forest after their faces being crushed and then turned into monkeys. Heart-of-Sky eventually creates humans from corn, maize. This story speaks many truths but does not explain the in detail how the universe was created, as the theories I spoke of earlier do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are millions of theories traveling around our world today. It is hard to say which ones are true and which are not. It is too hard to say about a time when there was no life. I don’t believe we will ever really know how we were created; we can only discover more evidence and more theories. I hope that you are more knowledgeable about creation now after reading this paper. Works Cited Holy Bible, King James version. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc: 1979. Lederman, Leon. The God Particle : If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? Delta Publishing; 1994. Tedlock, Dennis. Popol Vuh, a translation. www.jaguar-sun.com/popolvuh.html Shah, Zia. The Islamic view of Creation. www.ldolphin.org/islamcreat.html

Critique of “Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea

Source Roper, Valerie. Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea. Caribbean Quarterly, 34:1/2 (1988:Mar. /June) p. 19 URL: http://pao. chadwyck. com/PDF/1319462795559. pdf Summary In her article, â€Å"Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea† Valerie Roper asserts that Antoinette is much more than just a narrator. Antoinette tells the story of her life but also illuminates the plight and circumstances of women as increasing self awareness dawns. The duality of Antoinette's identity represents the war within women as they struggle to assimilate their own desires, beliefs, and values with those of the paternalistic society in which they live. Roper asserts that Wide Sargasso Sea is an attempt by Antoinette to look back and figure out where things went wrong. When did her downward spiral begin? As Antoinette tells her story, she does so with insight and understanding than can only come from time and reflection. Antoinette does not just recount her life, she also relives it. â€Å"Through her consciousness she retraces with brutal honesty her psychological journey from isolation to disintegration,† (Roper 19). Roper further contends that Antoinette as the storyteller enabled Rhys to use varying degrees of consciousness to illustrate Antoinette's journey and revelations. According to Roper, Antoinette's relationship with her mother is the crux of her illness both genetically and psychologically. Her withdrawal, like her mother's was a catalyst for her mental instability, but other factors existed as well. Roper discusses elements and scenes that Antoinette revisits which were important in her development, and ultimately in her unraveling. The road to insanity was much more insidious for Antoinette than it had been for Annette. There were tragic, life-altering events that obviously impacted Annette's mental condition; the death of her husband, isolation from Creole society, and ultimately Pierre's diagnosis. For Antoinette, her mother and childhood, cultural background, psychological invasion, disorientation, and entrapment all played a pivotal role in Antoinette's insanity. Response Roper provides an interesting context in which to interpret Rhys' novel. Perhaps one of the more striking assertions by Roper was regarding point of view. Roper maintains that the parts of the story told from the male point-of-view are a different level of Antoinette’s consciousness. I had not looked at it that way before and it certainly gives me pause. I had looked at it as a writing technique used by Rhys to deepen meaning and create a more balanced picture. Considering the information provided as revelations made by Antoinette on her search for answers injects a new level of complexity to the story and to Antoinette’s character. As a reader, I immediately picked up on the connection between Antoinette’s relationship with her mother and mental state. Roper, however, dove much deeper. She makes a compelling case that â€Å"the society, and her husband, acting on their assumptions, created conditions which aggravated the existing ones and contributed to her disorientation,† (Roper 30). The genetic predisposition for insanity was there, but it was the environment around Antoinette that pushed her over the edge. Antoinette struggled not only for love and acceptance, but also for psychological independence and her own voice. The more she struggles to claim these, the deeper she drifted into abyss. Roper’s most significant argument, for me, is the purpose of Antoinette as storyteller and the role of Rhys. She writes, â€Å"behind Antoinette’s dramatic re-experiencing is Rhys the producer and director, the puppeteer who manipulates her puppet to tell the tragic story of a woman who was aware of complexity but was unable to realize her real feminine personality† (Roper 33). While there were similarities between the lives of Rhys and the character she created, Roper’s argument made me consider the more universal story Rhys was telling. Through Antoinette, Rhys challenges the impact of patriarchy on women. It reveals far more than simply rule by men; it illuminates the internal struggle to find self. Further Research Since a great deal of Antoinette’s struggle’s deal with her search for identity and acceptance, additional research on Creole society and emancipation add another layer of comprehension to Wide Sargasso Sea. It would further develop the sense of society and the interaction of whites and blacks, but it would also provide context for the journey of discovery and self-awareness that Roper asserts is a vital part of the underlying theme throughout the novel. Historical information would fill in the blanks about the role of England on Jamaican society and the natives’ reaction to it.

Population Health Knowledge And Principles Health And Social Care Essay

health and Illness from a Population health PerspectiveNowadays depict makeing health and sickness of a posit people had engender a cardinal precedence of put forward goernments as with this they whitethorn face horrifying negative heath results. Every distinguish and its officials ar concentrating on the watchfulness of their state health as it has become scathing for achieving long-run being ( Sheffield, 2008 ) . A state s tribe health commit pertains to the health results of a group of persons, acknowledging the segmentation of such(prenominal) results within the group. Population health position is a chief(prenominal) contend to health that directs to progress the wellness of tot tout ensemble in every last(predicate)y world.From a macrocosm wellness position, wellness thunder mug be outlined a province that is free from unsoundness every bit pricy as the capability and capacity of persons to accommodate to, respond to, or pull off life s inquiri ngs and changes ( A Population health Approach, 1999 ) . On the otherwise(a), from a people wellness status unwellness keister be defined as a province of silly wellness of group of persons. As straightforward, it whitethorn withal specify as an softness of group of persons to accommodate to, react to and phase life s challenges and regenerations due to their wellness line of credits. In modern period billets link up to persons wellness ar increase both dozen hours by twenty-four hours and due to this job towards community wellness has attained world-shattering growing.Social and morphological Determinants of healthEvery state s helparies ar seeking to keep their population wellness just now it is non every bit gentle as it seems. on the whole of us pee-pee implicationant population wellness scholarship and rules but non able to use it in world ( Novick, 2007 ) . For its successful executing it is all-important(a) to comprehend the relationships amid bearing and wellness results. By showing this, maven layabout undemanding invent burden dodgings and rules to call unwellness and advancing single and conjunction wellness ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . Using population wellness apprehension and rules allow go comfy if person well understand the social and geomorphological assurers of wellness ( Turnock, 2008 ) .This could in any case be understood with an illustration of population wellness job that is change magnitude corpulency. This population wellness job is change magnitude in about every assign of the human beings that needs to be resolved in an sound mode. The job of corpulency is change magnitude in about all high school- and low-income states. To truncate and eventually invert the summing up in obesity-preponderance rates, all inclusive population wellness establish round offs and schemes ar infallible ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . As good, for this it is anyway inborn to unders tand the social and geomorphologic determiners of wellness so that with that this job of corpulency idler be resolved ( A Population wellness Approach, 1999 ) .Designation of wellness determiners is internal to excogitate kick downstairs schemes. The cardinal determiners of persons and populations wellness ar the conditions, in which people are born, puzzle, lively and work. These conditions are so influenced by the social and economic milieu ( Khoury, 2010 ) . All these facets unitedly become a signifi movet vitrine of disease and agony. Similar is the instance with obesity that is overly the core of several(prenominal) determiners ( doyen & A Fenton, 2010 ) . These wellness determiners quite a little be classified in two important groups that are as come aftersSocial Determinants geomorphological Determinants appreciation the multilevel and overlapping temperament of manifest epidemics every bit good as their societal and geomorphologic determiners, is signif i gitt in the design and executing of much potent gin mill plans for hold ining change magnitude obesity jobs. Equally good, it is besides the consequence of individual-level determiners that may acknowledge bad behaviors such as unhygienic ingest wonts and take more than and more debris foods ( Novick, 2007 ) . All these patterns of persons are chief drivers of obesity.The forms and distribution of these portable diseases in the population are later modify by a subsisting interplay among the preponderance of the morbific agent, the effectiveness of natural rubber and control interjections ( dean & A Fenton, 2010 ) . As good, it is besides affected with a eye socket of societal and structural surroundingsal factors.Structural determiners of wellness include those somatic, economic, societal, organisational, cultural, union, legal, or polity cerebrate facets of the environment that obstruct or aid efforts to de breastwork disease diffusion ( Semenza & A Gi esecke, 2008 ) . On the other manus, societal determiners of wellness include the economic and societal conditions of a state that influence the wellness of people and communities ( Raphael, 2006 ) . As good, it besides include stipulations for early childhood developing, acquisition, work, income and occupation security, wellness service, alimental security, and entree to basic services uniform lodging, societal segregation, and stigma ( doyen & A Fenton, 2010 ) .By consciousness the habitual societal and structural determiners of wellness one open fire easy develop heavy disease relegate and control attempts for increasing job of corpulency. The cognition and apprehension of several(a) societal and structural determiners of increasing corpulency testament unimpeachably help in the development of its measurement schemes ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . By developing parapet strategies the jobs and diseases cerebrate to obesity roll in the hay be controlled in effe ct.Relationship between behavior and wellness OutcomesThe preaching of societal and structural determiners of wellness groundss that the increasing diseases and wellness results are due to mostwhat patterned behavior of persons and populations. Individual s wonts are affected by societal determiners that in wring are affected by structural determiners ( Khoury, 2010 ) . This in bend consequences in awed wellness results. By understanding these relationships between behaviors and wellness results one lavatory develop wakeless population wellness run schemes ( Tulchinsky & A Varavikova, 2009 ) .Individual fate behaviors determine the opportunity of contact with other pollute or morbific persons. Although, these behaviors do non restitution topographic point in a vacuity and it could be understood in concern to corpulency ( Population base Public wellness Practice, 2003 ) . For increasing fleshiness the built or corporal environment are responsible that are increasing debris nutrient wonts among population all age groups. This environment is delighting persons to hold nutrient that is ready to eat and at bonnie monetary value. All of us besides want to hold nutrient outdoor(a) from rear without understanding its negative cause on our wellness ( Dean & A Fenton, 2010 ) .Our ain behaviors are driven by increasing work of fast nutrients and have menages in each and every metropolis. twain of these determiners are increasing incorrect eating wonts among kids and childs that in bend are prove in fleshiness due to their opposed diet and consumption of tonss of fats. By understanding relationships among behaviors and wellness results antithetical fleshiness stop schemes the homogeneouss of structural and policy or legal send packing be veritable easy ( Raphael, 2006 ) . All these polar omit attacks can be implemented by alining with behavioral or medical interjections direct at persons. As good, with an nonsubjective to hump factors that affect single behavior in malice of directing their behavior ( Dean & A Fenton, 2010 ) .Application of Population Health association and Principles to Obesity legal professionWith the aid of population wellness cognition and its important determiners, it can be employ efficaciously in the development of several(a) illness blockade schemes, wellness familiarity and union capacity edifice. training of a bar scheme is found on the factors due to which a disease or unwellness is increasing in population injuries ( Egger, Swinburn & A Rossner, 2003 ) . Designation of these factors is indispensable for preclude a disease or unwellness every bit good as for advancing population wellness.The treatment of fleshiness and its societal and structural determiners entrust a model finished which preventative schemes against incubus rise to power and fleshiness can be developed. Although in that location are several others divers(prenominal) factors that are involved in the etiology of fleshiness and lean rundown but the approximately significant factors are social and environmental ( Egger & A Swinburn, 1997 ) . These factors affect energy consumption and disbursement that in bend is affected by familial and other biological factors the likes of age, sex and hormonal bodily function on which there is small or no control ( gentlemans gentleman Health Organization, 2000 ) .A state facing job of fleshiness can easy develop effectual bar schemes by concentrating on these rulesSocial, political, cultural, structural and physiologic environment elements that together relate the weight position of population ( crunch & A Bouchard, 2004 ) .By developing processs and programmes to finagle those persons and groups who are at high risk of exposure of weight rundown and fleshiness.Appropriate agency protocols ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) .In postscript to the concentration on these above discussed facets, it is besides indispensable that fle shiness bar schemes are determined in a flair that should avoid precipitating and the development of eating upsets. In appurtenance to this for successful bar schemes it is indispensable to set about constitutional analysis of different states fleshiness kick attacks ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) . With this, it result go easy to place a persistent and comprehensive attack to pull off fleshiness and job of weight admission ( Eckel, 2003 ) .As good, it is besides believed that the attitude of wellness professionals towards fleshiness is non appropriate that can be made more effectual by supplying them developing and larning. For effectual declaration of increasing fleshiness job a high national loyalty is required. This committedness should be a shared debt instrument of consumers, authoritiess, nutrient industry & A peck and the media ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) . Support from all these groups play a significant function in overtoping fleshiness by advanci ng effectual alterations in resign diet forms and mundane physical application horizontal surfaces ( Bray & A Bouchard, 2004 ) . By side by side(p) all these rules one can easy develop effectual fleshiness bar schemes.Till now, fleshiness bar and fleshiness direction were seen as two different facets. Obesity bar was aimed at keeping weight accompaniment whereas fleshiness direction was aimed at weight loss. In show, these two are non different from each other as obesity direction includes all short-run and long-run schemes ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) . These schemes vary from bar, weight continuation, and direction of fleshiness comorbidities to burden loss ( Eckel, 2003 ) . In present one can easy pull off job of weight addition and fleshiness by concentrating on interest schemes streak of weight addition progression of weight careManagement of fleshiness comorbiditiesPromotion of weight loss ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) .These schemes entirely can non be u sed until or unless degrees of preventative action are non determined. In instance of fleshiness job that is distributing all over the humanity the preventative schemes need to be applied on these degrees of barCommunity Health PreventionThrough these bar programmes, schemes can be enjoin at the population or connection. With this plan, the degree of fleshiness in the population can be change efficaciously. These community based bar schemes can be introduced through different community plans related to population diet forms betterment, weight care and regular wellness check-ups. A state may follow diverse community-based intercessions in the way of bettering its population dietary forms and direction of associated hazard factors like BMI or serum cholesterin degrees ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) .These plans may include big communities like more than 100 000 people and may be implemented for longer periods like for 10 old ages or more than 10 old ages. Several these sorts of intercessions are implemented in Europe and trade union America ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) . otherwise states are besides implementing community based bar schemes but however some of them have attained success. This is due to the lack of planned and comprehensive attack that is virtually indispensable for the success of long community based bar schemes.In present every states should develop unique(predicate) community based bar schemes as with this lonely(prenominal) it is possible to command diet forms of its population. If, a state functionaries willing non take any introductory stairss in forestalling fleshiness its other governments and scene will besides non work in this way ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . Working in this way is most indispensable in present epoch as the job of weight addition and fleshiness is increasing well and ensuing in several other related diseases. discriminating PreventionThese bar steps can be directed at specific groups of popula tion who are really at high hazard of increasing fleshiness. Selective bar schemes may be inducted through different scenes like takes, montages, community Centres, place environments, vicinities, workplaces, shopping mercantile establishments and primary solicitude ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) . With the aid of this preventative scheme one can easy progress the cognition and abilities of groups of peoples so that they can cover more efficaciously with the factors that may put them at important hazard of turning fleshiness.Schools, colleges and community Centres are portion of a natural scene that can be used to come to the nutrient and physical activity environments for kids and childs. By doing alterations in these educational institutes policy related to athleticss employ and physical instruction newspaper clipping the job of fleshiness among pupils and kids can be decrease significantly. As good, alterations related to active adroitness of conveyance of title to an d from school will besides necessitate effectual policy. By qualification this the job of fleshiness can be managed at significant degree ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) .In add-on to educational scenes, vicinities can besides be targeted for active diversion. Changes in the walking web that includes pathwaies and walking paths, the cycle web that includes roads and rhythm waies will ease diversion. Increase in the figure of informal and formal diversion infinites like Parkss, metropolis nines, athleticss evidences and diversion Centres ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . sum total in the figure of these infinites and recreational Centres will better physical activity degree of persons that in bend will command their weight and overall job of fleshiness. other specific country of population that can be targeted is home environment. It is the most of import scene in concern to ever-changing kids s nourishment and physical activity behaviors. By developing good feeding wonts and physical activities among households the job of fleshiness can be resolved well ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . Work environment is another topographic point through which feeding and physical wonts of persons can be improved. By developing effectual plans and advertisements, the eating wonts of a house s employees can be improved.They may supply day-to-day column in their organisation magazine and newspapers that employees read routine every bit good as they can develop different postings and messages on their corporate site. All these attempts will decidedly convey alterations in employees eating wonts that in bend will command their weight addition and fleshiness related jobs ( Kopelman, 2001 ) .Environmental PreventionThe most recent fleshiness bar scheme emerged are environmental bar schemes. These schemes include obesity direction attacks related to environment. These schemes analyze the whole factors of environment in which single or group of persons live. It focuses on the directi on of these different environmental factors so that the job of fleshiness and weight addition can be resolved efficaciously ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . These environmental schemes do non merely make to populations with hapless wellness results but it besides targets them differentially.These schemes include betterment of school nutrient programmes and active diversion and physical activity comfortss. Equally good as regular wellness check-ups and weight check-ups at authorities infirmaries and associations. With these schemes poorer countries wellness results can be improved well ( Fletcher & A Grundy, 1999 ) . This scheme can besides be directed with the alteration in physical environment for diversion, nutrient Torahs, local authorities conveyance policies, etc. This whole procedure will convey a significant alteration into a state s ashes that is indispensable to command fleshiness and its associated diseases ( ODea, 2005 ) .Targeted PreventionOne of the other significant b ar schemes that can be used to forestall weight addition and fleshiness is targeted bar. These schemes are directed at persons who are already over weight and those who are non over weight but devouring tonss of fats nonchalant without sing its hereafter consequences ( World Health Organization, 2000 ) . With the aid of these schemes persons can be controlled in their weight addition. As good, it besides assists in diminishing the figure of people who develop fleshiness associated comorbidities ( Fletcher & A Grundy, 1999 ) .All these bar schemes offer a long-run attack to cover with the jobs of weight addition and fleshiness but it is non sufficient as there is besides a demand of diverse intercessions and bar schemes. Every state is required to develop influential and sustainable schemes in concern to burden care and fleshiness direction ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) . As good, high investings in different media runs are vital along with systemic alterations. Nowadays media is the most influential tool for pull slay present solemn diseases through effectual messages and by exposing its injuries ( Egger, Swinburn & A Rossner, 2003 ) .For pull off fleshiness related jobs it is besides indispensable to alter people societal attitudes along with important policy alterations. Food sphere related policies requires significant alterations likeChanges in financial nutrient policies for diminishing demands of some debris nutrients.Constitution of nutrition data panels.Nutrition signposting programmesDevelopment of diverse wellness and nutrition claims.Ad prohibitions on kids s Television ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) .In add-on to this, it is besides indispensable that the more cosmopolitan authorities policies that influence income distribution, employment, lodging and societal services adopt important alterations from clip to clip. All these facets are extremely influencive on people eating wonts. Everyone needs to follow a changed attack if wants to cover with fleshiness and salvage its state with future problems and terrible diseases ( Andersen, 2003 ) .The publicity of healthy feeding and physical activity guidelines and messages is besides indispensable to command increasing fleshiness problems. With the aid of different advanced mass-media runs and other communicating schemes public of state can be educated sing healthy eating wonts and physical activity degree. The USA runs like the profound Eating Pyramid , the 5-a-day for better wellness and National Cholesterol Education political platform are quite a good cognize and every bit good as effectual ( Swinburn & A Egger, 2002 ) .Effective media runs and publicities will hold a important impact on population cognition, attitudes, apprehension, and purpose. By next all the above discussed bar schemes and other policies the problem of fleshiness and weight addition can be handled efficaciously and efficiently ( Andersen, 2003 ) .DecisionWith the aid of this elaborate tre atment of population wellness cognition and rules, it can be said the job of fleshiness is increasing due to incorrect eating wonts of populations. By following effectual bar schemes on community and single degree this job can be resolved efficaciously. Understanding of societal and structural determiners is besides rather helpful in the development of effectual weight addition and fleshiness bar schemes ( Kopelman, 2001 ) . Management of this job is indispensable as otherwise it may direct persons to stark(a) wellness jobs like diabetes. By utilise old population wellness cognition and principles the job of increasing fleshiness can be handled efficaciously.